Poison vs. venom: What's the difference? - Rose Eveleth

Žabji in kačji strup: Kakšna je razlika? - Rose Eveleth

Translator: Grega grega Reviewer: Nika Kotnik

Would you rather be bitten

Bi raje videli, da vas piči

by a venomous snake or touch a poisonous frog?

kača ali se dotaknili strupene žabe?

Wait, what's the difference

Kakšna pa je sploh razlika

between poison and venom, anyway?

med žabjim strupom (poison) in kačjim strupom (venom)?

Let's say you have the misfortune

Recimo, da imate smolo

to be bitten by a venomous rattlesnake.

in vas piči strupena klopotača.

When it bites you,

Ko vas piči,

the snake will eject venom

vrže kačji strup ven

from little sacks behind its eyes,

iz majhnih vreč za očmi

through its hollow fangs and into your flesh.

skozi votle strupnike v vaše telo.

That venom will then travel through your bloodstream

Ta strup nato potuje skozi kri

and all over your body.

in po celem telesu.

In most cases, snake venom contains neurotoxins,

V večini primerov vsebuje kačji strup nevrotoksine,

proteins that can do all sorts of nasty stuff

beljakovine, ki naredijo grozne stvari

like make your muscles fire uncontrollably,

npr. vaše mišice se lahko nenadzorovano prožijo,

burst your blood cells,

vaše krvničke popokajo

and make you go completely numb.

in lahko povsem ohromite.

But you might get lucky!

Ampak lahko imate srečo!

Snakes don't always decide

Kače se ne odločijo zmeraj,

you're worth wasting venom on.

da ste vredni strupa.

In fact, between 20 and 80% of snake bites

V bistvu, med 20 in 80% kačjih pikov

are so-called "dry bites,"

je t.i. "suhih pikov",

where the snake is just trying

kjer vas kača poskuša le

to send a message without actually killing you.

opozoriti, ne da bi vas dejansko ubila.

You see, venom takes energy and resources

Veste, kače porabijo energijo in sredstva

for the snake to make,

zato, da strup naredijo

and they don't want to waste it on a warning shot.

in ne želijo ga zapraviti za opozorilo.

When it comes to poison,

Ko gre za žabji strup (poison),

on the other hand,

pa po drugi strani,

there's no warning shot.

ni opozorila.

If you pick up a poisonous dart frog

Če poberete strupeno žabo,

to admire its beautiful colors,

da bi občudovali čudovite barve,

you've already gotten deadly poison

ste že dobili smrtonosen strup

all over your hands.

po celih rokah.

As it seeps into your skin

Ko prodre v vašo kožo

and travels through your blood,

in potuje skozi kri,

the poison starts to interfere with your nerves,

strup začne povzročati motnje živcev

preventing your muscles from contracting.

in prepreči vašim mišicam, da bi se skrčile.

If the frog's poison reaches your heart,

Če žabji strup doseže vaše srce,

it can cause it to stop.

se lahko ustavi.

The distinction between venom and poison

Razlika med strupoma

is purely in the method of delivery.

je izključno v načinu dostave.

Poison has to be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed.

Žabji strup mora biti vdihnjen, zaužit ali absorbiran.

Venom has to be injected into a wound.

Kačji strup mora biti vbrizgan v rano.

Chemically, venoms and poisons

Kemično, žabji in kačji strupi

are both considered toxins,

spadajo med toksine,

so a snake bite is venomous.

torej kačji pik je strupen. (Poison)

A poison dart frog is poisonous.

Dotik strupene žabe je strupen. (Venom)

Brown recluse spiders are venomous.

Rjavi pajki samotarji so strupeni. (Venom)

Lionfish and pufferfish are poisonous.

Velike plamenke in ribe napihovalke so strupene. (Poison)

And some compounds can be poisons in one animal

Nekatere spojine so vbrizgani strupi v eni živali

and venoms in another.

in absorbirani v drugi.

Tetrodotoxin, a chemical 10,000 times more toxic than cyanide,

Tetrodotoksin, kemikalija 10.000-krat bolj strupena kot cianid,

is found in pufferfish,

se nahaja v ribah napihovalkah,

where it makes them poisonous.

zaradi česar so strupene.

It's also found in the deadly blue-ringed octopus,

Nahaj se tudi v modroobročkasti hobotnici,

where it's a venom delivered by bite.

kjer se strup dostavi z ugrizom.

Some animals can even be both poisonous and venomous.

Nekatere živali lahko imajo obe vrsti strupa.

Take the Asian tiger snake, for example.

Na primer, azijska tigrasta kača.

Not only does it have venom in its fangs

Nima le strupa v svojih strupnikih,

but it also absorbs the toxins

ampak tudi absorbira toksine

from the poisonous toads it eats,

iz strupenih krastač, ki jih poje

and then secretes those toxins

in nato izloči te toksine

from special glands on its neck,

s posebnih žlez na vratu,

rendering it poisonous, too.

zato je tudi strupena na dotik.

Scientists are constantly finding new animals

Znanstveniki nenehno odkrivajo nove živali,

that employ toxins in weird, interesting ways.

ki uporabljajo toksine na čudne, zanimive načine.

Recently, researchers discovered

Nedavno so raziskovalci odkrili

the very first venomous crustacean.

prvega strupenega raka.

Out of 70,000 species of crustaceans,

Izmed 70.000 vrst rakov

only this one little remipede is venomous.

so samo ti majhni remipedi strupeni.

Speleonectes tulumensis has figured out

Tako imenovani jamski raki so ugotovili,

how to create a cocktail of toxins

kako pridelati mešanico toksinov,

that it delivers through its tiny fangs.

ki gre skozi njihove drobne podočnike.

Scientists aren't totally sure how this venom works yet,

Znanstveniki še ne razmejo delovanja strupa,

but they think that it causes the unwitting victims' neurons

a menijo, da se živčne celice nevedoče žrtve,

to fire over and over and over again

prožijo znova in znova,

until it becomes paralyzed.

dokler ne ohromi.

Then, the little remipede closes in,

Nato se majhen remiped približa

dissolving away the exoskeleton of its prey

in raztopi zunanji skelet plena

and sucking out the juices.

in izsesa sokove.

But poisons and venoms aren't always all bad.

A strupi na dotik in vbrizgani strupi niso vedno samo slabi.

For thousands of years, humans have looked for

Tisočletja so ljudje iskali načine,

ways to harness the power of these toxic compounds for good.

da izkoristijo moč teh strupenih mešanic v dobre namene.

Today, we have all sorts of medicines

Dandanes imamo vse vrste zdravil,

that come from toxins.

narejene iz toksinov.

The poison from cone snails is used as a painkiller.

Strup stožčastega polža je sredstvo proti bolečinam.

Many poisonous plants have been used

Z mnogo strupenimi rastlinami

to treat everything from malaria to irregular heartbeats.

zdravimo vse, od malarije do nepravilnega srčnega utripa.

And scorpion venom might one day be used

In strup škorpijona bo nekoč morda

to treat heart disease.

zdravil srčne bolezni.

So, what should you do if something bites or poisons you?

Torej, kaj bi naredili, če vas nekaj piči ali zastrupi?

Don't try any of the things you've seen

Ne poskušajte stvari, ki jih vidite

on the internet or in movies!

na internetu ali televiziji!

Don't try to capture and kill the animal

Ne poskušajte prijeti in ubiti živali,

that bit you,

ki vas je ugriznila

and don't use a tourniquet or knife on your wound.

in ne uporabljajte kompresijske obveze ali noža na vaši rani.

Most importantly, don't panic!

Najpomembneje, brez panike!

Stay calm, and seek medical attention.

Ostanite mirni in poiščite medicinsko oskrbo.

Treatment will mostly depend

Zdravljenje je odvisno od

on what species you encountered.

živalske vrste, s katero ste se spopadli.

But if you forget the distinction

A če pozabite razliko

between poison and venom,

med vrstami strupa

and tell the parademics

in rečete reševalcem,

that you were poisoned by a viper,

da vas je zastrupil gad,

they'll probably forgive you and treat you anyway.

vam bodo najverjetneje oprostili in vas vseeno ozdravili.