Poison vs. venom: What's the difference? - Rose Eveleth

Translator: Rehatta Linda Reviewer: Deera Army Pramana

Would you rather be bitten

Pilih mana,

by a venomous snake or touch a poisonous frog?

digigit ular berbisa atau menyentuh katak beracun?

Wait, what's the difference

Tunggu, apa bedanya

between poison and venom, anyway?

antara racun dan bisa?

Let's say you have the misfortune

Katakan kamu dapat musibah

to be bitten by a venomous rattlesnake.

digigit oleh ular derik berbisa.

When it bites you,

Ketika menggigitmu

the snake will eject venom

ular mengeluarkan bisa

from little sacks behind its eyes,

dari kantung belakang mata

through its hollow fangs and into your flesh.

dari rongga taring ke dalam dagingmu

That venom will then travel through your bloodstream

bisa mengalir melalui darah

and all over your body.

dan ke seluruh tubuhmu

In most cases, snake venom contains neurotoxins,

Umumnya, bisa ular mengandung neurotoksin,

proteins that can do all sorts of nasty stuff

protein yang melakukan segala hal jahat

like make your muscles fire uncontrollably,

seperti membuat ototmu terbakar tak terkendali,

burst your blood cells,

merusak sel - sel darahmu

and make you go completely numb.

dan membuatmu mati rasa.

But you might get lucky!

Tapi kamu beruntung!

Snakes don't always decide

Ular tidak sembarangan

you're worth wasting venom on.

mengeluarkan bisa.

In fact, between 20 and 80% of snake bites

Faktanya, 20-80% dari gigitan ular

are so-called "dry bites,"

disebut "gigitan kering,"

where the snake is just trying

di mana ular hanya mencoba

to send a message without actually killing you.

memberi peringatan tanpa membunuhmu.

You see, venom takes energy and resources

Produksi bisa pada ular butuh energi dan sumber daya,

for the snake to make,

and they don't want to waste it on a warning shot.

dan tak ingin membuangnya pada gigitan peringatan.

When it comes to poison,

Sebaliknya, racun

on the other hand,

tidak ada peringatan.

there's no warning shot.

If you pick up a poisonous dart frog

Jika kamu menangkap katak beracun

to admire its beautiful colors,

untuk mengagumi warna indahnya

you've already gotten deadly poison

kamu langsung terkena racun mematikan

all over your hands.

di telapak tanganmu

As it seeps into your skin

meresap ke dalam kulitmu

and travels through your blood,

menyebar dalam darahmu

the poison starts to interfere with your nerves,

racun mulai mengganggu sarafmu,

preventing your muscles from contracting.

mencegah ototmu berkontraksi,

If the frog's poison reaches your heart,

Jika racun katak mencapai jantungmu,

it can cause it to stop.

racun menghentikan kerja jantung.

The distinction between venom and poison

Perbedaan bisa dan racun

is purely in the method of delivery.

hanya terletak pada metode pengiriman.

Poison has to be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed.

Racun dihirup, ditelan, atau diserap.

Venom has to be injected into a wound.

Bisa harus disuntikkan ke luka.

Chemically, venoms and poisons

Secara kimiawi, bisa dan racun

are both considered toxins,

keduanya dianggap toksin.

so a snake bite is venomous.

Jadi, gigitan ular itu "berbisa".

A poison dart frog is poisonous.

Katak beracun, "beracun".

Brown recluse spiders are venomous.

Laba-laba pertapa coklat, "berbisa".

Lionfish and pufferfish are poisonous.

Ikan buntal, "beracun".

And some compounds can be poisons in one animal

Beberapa senyawa bisa disebut racun di suatu hewan,

and venoms in another.

dan disebut bisa pada hewan lain

Tetrodotoxin, a chemical 10,000 times more toxic than cyanide,

Tetrodotoxin, bahan kimia 10.000 kali lebih beracun dari sianida,

ditemukan di ikan buntal,

is found in pufferfish,

sehingga disebut "beracun".

where it makes them poisonous.

It's also found in the deadly blue-ringed octopus,

Tetrodotoxin juga ditemukan pada gurita cincin biru yang mematikan,

where it's a venom delivered by bite.

di mana bisanya dihantarkan melalui gigitan.

Some animals can even be both poisonous and venomous.

Beberapa binatang bahkan beracun dan berbisa sekaligus.

Take the Asian tiger snake, for example.

Ular macan Asia, misalnya.

Not only does it have venom in its fangs

Tidak hanya memiliki bisa di taringnya

but it also absorbs the toxins

tetapi juga menyerap toksin

from the poisonous toads it eats,

dari kodok beracun yang dimakannya,

and then secretes those toxins

lalu mengeluarkan toksin itu

from special glands on its neck,

dari kelenjar khusus pada lehernya,

rendering it poisonous, too.

menjadikannya beracun juga.

Scientists are constantly finding new animals

Ilmuwan terus menemukan binatang baru

that employ toxins in weird, interesting ways.

yang memakai toksin dengan cara yang aneh dan menarik.

Recently, researchers discovered

Baru-baru ini, peneliti menemukan

the very first venomous crustacean.

krustasea berbisa pertama.

Out of 70,000 species of crustaceans,

Dari 70.000 spesies krustasea,

only this one little remipede is venomous.

hanya ini satu remipede kecil yang berbisa.

Speleonectes tulumensis has figured out

Speleonectes tulumensis telah menemukan

how to create a cocktail of toxins

cara membuat koktail toksin

that it delivers through its tiny fangs.

yang dihantarkan melalui taring yang kecil.

Ilmuwan belum yakin bagaimana bisa ini bekerja,

Scientists aren't totally sure how this venom works yet,

but they think that it causes the unwitting victims' neurons

tapi diduga venom itu menyebabkan neuron korban

to fire over and over and over again

mengirim impuls berulang-ulang

until it becomes paralyzed.

sampai menjadi lumpuh.

Then, the little remipede closes in,

Kemudian, remipede kecil mendekat,

dissolving away the exoskeleton of its prey

melarutkan kerangka luar dari mangsanya

and sucking out the juices.

dan menghisap cairannya.

But poisons and venoms aren't always all bad.

Tapi tidak semua racun dan bisa itu buruk.

For thousands of years, humans have looked for

Selama ribuan tahun, manusia mencari

ways to harness the power of these toxic compounds for good.

cara untuk memanfaatkan senyawa beracun itu.

Today, we have all sorts of medicines

Saat ini, ada bermacam obat-obatan

that come from toxins.

yang berasal dari toksin.

The poison from cone snails is used as a painkiller.

Racun siput kerucut dipakai dalam obat penghilang rasa sakit.

Many poisonous plants have been used

Banyak tanaman beracun digunakan

to treat everything from malaria to irregular heartbeats.

untuk bermacam hal dari malaria dan denyut jantung tak teratur.

And scorpion venom might one day be used

Bisa kalajengking kelak digunakan

to treat heart disease.

untuk mengobati penyakit jantung.

So, what should you do if something bites or poisons you?

Apa yang harus dilakukan jika kamu terkena bisa atau racun?

Don't try any of the things you've seen

Jangan mencoba apapun yang kamu lihat

on the internet or in movies!

di internet atau di film!

Don't try to capture and kill the animal

Jangan coba menangkap dan membunuh binatang

that bit you,

yang menggigitmu,

and don't use a tourniquet or knife on your wound.

dan jangan menggunakan tourniquet atau pisau pada lukamu.

Most importantly, don't panic!

Yang paling penting, jangan panik!

Stay calm, and seek medical attention.

Tetap tenang, dan cari bantuan medis.

Treatment will mostly depend

Pengobatan akan sangat tergantung

on what species you encountered.

pada spesies apa yang kamu temui

But if you forget the distinction

tetapi jika kamu lupa perbedaan

between poison and venom,

antara racun dan bisa,

and tell the parademics

dan memberitahu paramedis

that you were poisoned by a viper,

bahwa kamu diracuni oleh ular Viper,

they'll probably forgive you and treat you anyway.

mereka mungkin akan memaafkanmu dan tetap merawatmu.