Poison vs. venom: What's the difference? - Rose Eveleth

3,082,834 views ใƒป 2014-02-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Would you rather be bitten
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ื”ืื ืชืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืฉื™ื
00:08
by a venomous snake or touch a poisonous frog?
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื—ืฉ ืืจืกื™ ืื• ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืจืขื™ืœื”?
00:11
Wait, what's the difference
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ื—ื›ื•, ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
00:12
between poison and venom, anyway?
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืก ืœืจืขืœ?
00:15
Let's say you have the misfortune
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ืกืจื™ ืžื–ืœ
00:17
to be bitten by a venomous rattlesnake.
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ื•ืขื›ืกืŸ ืืจืกื™ ื”ื›ื™ืฉ ืืชื›ื.
00:19
When it bites you,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืฉ ืืชื›ื,
00:20
the snake will eject venom
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ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื™ื–ืจื™ืง ืืจืก
00:21
from little sacks behind its eyes,
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ืžืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื•,
00:22
through its hollow fangs and into your flesh.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
00:24
That venom will then travel through your bloodstream
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ื”ืืจืก ื”ื–ื” ื™ื ื•ืข ื“ืจืš ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื
00:26
and all over your body.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
00:28
In most cases, snake venom contains neurotoxins,
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืืจืก ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ื ื™ื,
00:30
proteins that can do all sorts of nasty stuff
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื
00:32
like make your muscles fire uncontrollably,
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ื›ืžื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ื•ืข ืœื‘ื“,
00:35
burst your blood cells,
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ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื,
00:37
and make you go completely numb.
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืงื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
00:38
But you might get lucky!
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžื–ืœ!
00:40
Snakes don't always decide
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ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื
00:41
you're worth wasting venom on.
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ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืขืœื™ื›ื ืืจืก.
00:42
In fact, between 20 and 80% of snake bites
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ื• 80% ืžื”ื›ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื
00:44
are so-called "dry bites,"
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ื”ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื”ื›ืฉื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช,"
00:46
where the snake is just trying
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ืฉื ื”ื ื—ืฉ ืจืง ืžื ืกื”
00:47
to send a message without actually killing you.
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืกืจ ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืชื›ื.
00:49
You see, venom takes energy and resources
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
00:52
for the snake to make,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืจืก,
00:53
and they don't want to waste it on a warning shot.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืื–ื”ืจื”.
00:55
When it comes to poison,
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจืขืœ,
00:56
on the other hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
00:58
there's no warning shot.
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ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืื–ื”ืจื”.
00:59
If you pick up a poisonous dart frog
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ืื ืืชื ืžืจื™ืžื™ื ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื”
01:01
to admire its beautiful colors,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื™ื,
01:02
you've already gotten deadly poison
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ืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ืืช ื”ืจืขืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™
01:04
all over your hands.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
01:06
As it seeps into your skin
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืกืคื’ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื
01:08
and travels through your blood,
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ื•ื ืข ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื,
01:09
the poison starts to interfere with your nerves,
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ื”ืจืขืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
01:11
preventing your muscles from contracting.
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ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
01:13
If the frog's poison reaches your heart,
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ืื ืจืขืœ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืœื‘,
01:15
it can cause it to stop.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ.
01:18
The distinction between venom and poison
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ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืก ืœืจืขืœ
01:19
is purely in the method of delivery.
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ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”.
01:21
Poison has to be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed.
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ืจืขืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืฃ, ืœื”ืชืขื›ืœ ืื• ืœื”ืกืคื’.
01:24
Venom has to be injected into a wound.
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ืืจืก ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจืง ืœืชื•ืš ืคืฆืข.
01:27
Chemically, venoms and poisons
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ื›ื™ืžื™ืช, ืืจืก ื•ืจืขืœ
01:28
are both considered toxins,
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื”ื ืœืจืขืœื ื™ื,
01:30
so a snake bite is venomous.
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ืื– ื”ื›ืฉืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื™ื ืืจืกื™ืช.
01:32
A poison dart frog is poisonous.
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ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื”.
01:35
Brown recluse spiders are venomous.
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ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืจืงื•ืœื•ืก ื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ืืจืกื™ื™ื.
01:37
Lionfish and pufferfish are poisonous.
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ื“ื’ื™ ืืจื™ื” ื•ืื‘ื• ื ืคื—ื” ื”ื ืืจืกื™ื™ื.
01:40
And some compounds can be poisons in one animal
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื” ืื—ืช
01:43
and venoms in another.
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ื•ืืจืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื—ืจืช.
01:44
Tetrodotoxin, a chemical 10,000 times more toxic than cyanide,
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ื˜ื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ืจืขื™ืœ ืคื™ 10,000 ืžืฆื™ืื ื™ื“,
01:49
is found in pufferfish,
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื‘ื•-ื ืคื—ื,
01:50
where it makes them poisonous.
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืจืขื™ืœื™ื.
01:51
It's also found in the deadly blue-ringed octopus,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ื‘ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™,
01:54
where it's a venom delivered by bite.
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืืจืก ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื›ื”.
01:56
Some animals can even be both poisonous and venomous.
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืืจืกื™ื•ืช.
01:59
Take the Asian tiger snake, for example.
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ืงื—ื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ืก ื”ืืกื™ืืชื™ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
02:01
Not only does it have venom in its fangs
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืจืก ื‘ื ื™ื‘ื™ื
02:03
but it also absorbs the toxins
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ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืกื•ืคื’ ืจืขืœื ื™ื
02:05
from the poisonous toads it eats,
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ืžื”ืงืจืคื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ,
02:07
and then secretes those toxins
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ื•ืื– ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืขืœื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:08
from special glands on its neck,
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ืžื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืฉืœื•,
02:10
rendering it poisonous, too.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ืœืจืขื™ืœ.
02:12
Scientists are constantly finding new animals
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
02:14
that employ toxins in weird, interesting ways.
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืขืœื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช.
02:17
Recently, researchers discovered
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื•
02:18
the very first venomous crustacean.
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ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืืจืกื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
02:20
Out of 70,000 species of crustaceans,
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ืžืชื•ืš 70,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื,
02:22
only this one little remipede is venomous.
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ืจืง ื”ืจืžื™ืคื™ื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืจืกื™.
02:25
Speleonectes tulumensis has figured out
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ืกืคืœื•ื ืงื˜ืก ื˜ื•ืœื•ืžื ืกื™ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
02:27
how to create a cocktail of toxins
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ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืจืขืœื ื™ื
02:29
that it delivers through its tiny fangs.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื“ืจืš ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.
02:32
Scientists aren't totally sure how this venom works yet,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืืจืก ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
02:34
but they think that it causes the unwitting victims' neurons
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช
02:36
to fire over and over and over again
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ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
02:39
until it becomes paralyzed.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื•ืชืงื™ื.
02:41
Then, the little remipede closes in,
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ืื–, ื”ืจืžื™ืคื™ื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืชืงืจื‘,
02:42
dissolving away the exoskeleton of its prey
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ืžืžื™ืก ืืช ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉืœื•
02:44
and sucking out the juices.
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ื•ืฉื•ืื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืฆื™ื.
02:46
But poisons and venoms aren't always all bad.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืขืœื™ื ื•ืืจืก ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืง ืจืขื™ื.
02:49
For thousands of years, humans have looked for
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื•
02:51
ways to harness the power of these toxic compounds for good.
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
02:54
Today, we have all sorts of medicines
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
02:55
that come from toxins.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืจืขืœื ื™ื.
02:57
The poison from cone snails is used as a painkiller.
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ื”ืจืขืœ ืžืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™ ืงื•ื ื•ืก ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืฉื›ืš ื›ืื‘ื™ื,
03:00
Many poisonous plants have been used
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
03:01
to treat everything from malaria to irregular heartbeats.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื›ืœ ืžืžืœืจื™ื” ืœืงืฆื‘ ืœื‘ ืœื ืกื“ื™ืจ.
03:04
And scorpion venom might one day be used
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ื•ืืจืก ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ
03:06
to treat heart disease.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘.
03:08
So, what should you do if something bites or poisons you?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื™ืฉ ืื• ืžืจืขื™ืœ ืืชื›ื?
03:11
Don't try any of the things you've seen
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ืืœ ืชื ืกื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจืื™ืชื
03:13
on the internet or in movies!
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ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื!
03:14
Don't try to capture and kill the animal
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ืืœ ืชื ืกื• ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื”
03:16
that bit you,
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ืฉื” ืืชื›ื,
03:17
and don't use a tourniquet or knife on your wound.
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ื•ืืœ ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ืกื ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ืื• ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืฆืข ืฉืœื›ื.
03:20
Most importantly, don't panic!
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ ืชื›ื ืกื• ืœืคื ื™ืงื”!
03:23
Stay calm, and seek medical attention.
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ื”ืฉืืจื• ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื—ืคืฉื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™.
03:26
Treatment will mostly depend
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ
03:28
on what species you encountered.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืงืœืชื.
03:29
But if you forget the distinction
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช
03:31
between poison and venom,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืขืœ ืœืืจืก,
03:32
and tell the parademics
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืคืจืžื“ื™ืง
03:34
that you were poisoned by a viper,
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ืฉื”ื•ืจืขืœืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืคืข,
03:35
they'll probably forgive you and treat you anyway.
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ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืกืœื—ื• ืœื›ื ื•ื™ื˜ืคืœื• ื‘ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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