Where do new words come from? - Marcel Danesi

1,324,388 views ・ 2017-09-07

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Seok Kim κ²€ν† : JY Kang
00:07
Every year, about 1,000 new words are added to the Oxford English Dictionary.
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μ˜₯μŠ€ν¬λ“œ μ˜μ–΄μ‚¬μ „μ—λŠ” 맀년 1,000개의 신쑰어듀이 μΆ”κ°€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:12
Where do they come from,
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이 단어듀은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ νƒ„μƒν•˜λ©° 우리 일상에 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ“°μ΄κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
00:14
and how do they make it into our everyday lives?
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00:17
With over 170,000 words currently in use in the English language,
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μ˜μ–΄μ—λŠ” ν˜„μž¬ 17만 개 μ΄μƒμ˜ 단어듀이 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  있고
00:22
it might seem we already have plenty.
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우린 이미 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ λ§Žμ€ 단어듀을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
Yet, as our world changes,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 세상은 λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ λ³€ν™”ν•˜κ³ 
00:27
new ideas and inventions spring forth,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 사상과 발λͺ…ν’ˆμ΄ λ“±μž₯ν•˜λ©°
00:30
and science progresses,
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과학은 λ°œμ „μ„ κ±°λ“­ν•˜κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
00:31
our existing words leave gaps in what we want to express
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ν˜„μž¬μ˜ λ‹¨μ–΄λ“€λ‘œλŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λ €λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•œ 곡백이 생기기 λ§ˆλ ¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
and we fill those gaps in several ingenious,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ 곡백을 κΈ°λ°œν•˜κ³ 
00:39
practical,
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μ‹€μš©μ μ΄λ©°
00:40
and occasionally peculiar ways.
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λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” λ…νŠΉν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
One way is to absorb a word from another language.
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ν•œ 가지 방법은 λ‹€λ₯Έ 언어에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” 단어λ₯Ό ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
English has borrowed so many words over its history
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κ³Όκ±°λΆ€ν„° μ˜μ–΄λŠ” 정말 λ§Žμ€ 단어듀을 λΉŒλ €μ™”λŠ”λ°
00:50
that nearly half of its vocabulary comes directly from other languages.
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전체 μ˜μ–΄ λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜ 절반 μ •λ„λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 언어에 뿌리λ₯Ό 두고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
Sometimes, this is simply because the thing the word describes
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ”, κ°„ν˜Ή 단어가 가진 의미 자체λ₯Ό μ°¨μš©ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
00:59
was borrowed itself.
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01:02
Rome and France brought legal and religious concepts,
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λ‘œλ§ˆμ™€ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ˜ 법λ₯ μ μ΄κ³  쒅ꡐ적인 κ°œλ…λ“€μΈ
01:05
like altar and jury, to Medieval England,
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'altar(μ œλ‹¨)'λ‚˜ 'jury(배심원)' λ“±μ˜ 단어가 쀑세 μ˜κ΅­μ— μ „ν•΄μ‘Œκ³ 
01:08
while trade brought crops and cuisine,
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무역을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 곑물과 μŒμ‹ 이름이 전해지기도 ν–ˆμ£ .
01:11
like Arabic coffee,
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μ•„λΌλΉ„μ•„μ˜ 컀피
01:12
Italian spaghetti,
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μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹°
01:14
and Indian curry.
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μΈλ„μ˜ 카레 같은 λ‹¨μ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
But sometimes, another language has just the right word
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λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–Έμ–΄μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 단어가
01:19
for a complex idea or emotion,
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 사상과 감정을 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜κΈ°μ— κ°€μž₯ μ ν•©ν•œ κ²½μš°λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
like naΓ―vetΓ©
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naΓ―vetΓ© (μˆœμ§„ν•¨)
01:23
machismo,
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machismo (남성성 κ³Όμ‹œ)
01:25
or schadenfreude.
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schadenfreude (λ‚¨μ˜ λΆˆν–‰μ„ μ¦κ±°μ›Œν•˜λŠ” ν–‰μœ„) λ“±μ˜ 단어죠.
01:27
Scientists also use classical languages to name new concepts.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ κ³ λŒ€ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ°œλ…μ„ μ •μ˜ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
Clone, for example, was derived from the Ancient Greek word for twig
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μΌλ‘€λ‘œ '클둠(clone)'은 κ³ λŒ€ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ—μ„œ 'μž”κ°€μ§€'λ₯Ό λœ»ν•˜λŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ™”λŠ”λ°
01:36
to describe creating a new plant from a piece of the old.
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였래된 μ‹λ¬Όμ˜ ν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œ μžλž€ 식물을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
And today, the process works both ways,
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그리고 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λŠ” 단어λ₯Ό μ„œλ‘œ μ°¨μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
with English lending words like software to languages all over the world.
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'μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄' 같은 μ˜μ–΄ 단어λ₯Ό μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ μ°¨μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ 말이죠.
01:49
Another popular way to fill a vocabulary gap
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λΆ€μ‘±ν•œ 단어λ₯Ό μ±„μš°κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 자주 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 방법은
01:54
is by combining existing words that each convey part of the new concept.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ°œλ…μ„ λΆ€λΆ„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 두 개 μ΄μƒμ˜ 단어λ₯Ό μ‘°ν•©ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
This can be done by combining two whole words into a compound word,
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두 개의 μ™„μ „ν•œ 단어λ₯Ό μ‘°ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ ν•©μ„±μ–΄λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” 것이죠.
02:03
like airport
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Airport (곡항)
02:04
or starfish,
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Starfish (λΆˆκ°€μ‚¬λ¦¬)μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
02:06
or by clipping and blending parts of words together, like spork,
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 단어 일뢀λ₯Ό λ–Όμ–΄λ‚΄μ„œ μ„žκΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Spork
02:10
brunch,
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Brunch
02:11
or internet.
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Internet 같은 단어죠.
02:13
And unlike borrowings from other languages,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–Έμ–΄μ—μ„œ λΉŒλ €μ˜€λŠ” κ²ƒκ³ΌλŠ” 달리
02:15
these can often be understood the first time you hear them.
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이런 λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 처음 λ“€μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ λ°”λ‘œ 이해할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
And sometimes a new word isn't new at all.
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그리고 가끔은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 단어가 μ „ν˜€ μƒˆλ‘­μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
Obsolete words gain new life by adopting new meanings.
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μ˜› 단어듀에 μƒˆ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ 더해져 단어가 생λͺ…λ ₯을 κ°–λŠ” κ±΄λ°μš”.
02:28
Villain originally meant a peasant farmer, but in a twist of aristocratic snobbery
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'Villain(μ•…λ‹Ή)'은 μ›λž˜ κ·€μ‘±μ˜ μš°μ›”μ£Όμ˜μ— λŒ€ν•­ν•˜λŠ” 농노λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:33
came to mean someone not bound by the knightly code of chivalry
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기사도 정신을 지킀지 μ•ŠλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
02:38
and, therefore, a bad person.
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κ²°κ΅­, 'μ•…λ‹Ή'μ΄λΌλŠ” 뜻이 λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
02:41
A geek went from being a carnival performer
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'Geek'은 μΉ΄λ‹ˆλ°œμ—μ„œ κ³΅μ—°ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λœ»ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:44
to any strange person
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'괴짜'λΌλŠ” μ˜λ―Έκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ°€
02:45
to a specific type of awkward genius.
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ν˜„μž¬λŠ” λ­”κ°€ μ–΄μ„€ν”ˆ 천재λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
And other times, words come to mean their opposite through irony,
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λ•Œλ‘œλŠ”, μ›λž˜ μ˜λ―Έμ™€ μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ λ˜λŠ” κ²½μš°λ„ μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
역섀적 ν‘œν˜„
02:54
metaphor,
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λΉ„μœ 
02:55
or misuse,
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λ˜λŠ” 였용 λ“±μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ κ²½μš°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
like when sick or wicked are used to describe something literally amazing.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 'sick' λ˜λŠ” 'wicked'λŠ” 멋지고 ꡉμž₯ν•œ 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ 
03:04
But if words can be formed in all these ways,
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그런데, 단어가 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 방법을 톡해 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 질 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
03:06
why do some become mainstream while others fall out of use
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μ™œ μ–΄λ–€ 단어듀은 일상에 쓰이고
μ–΄λ–€ 단어듀을 μžŠν˜€μ§€λ©°
03:10
or never catch on in the first place?
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μ–΄λ–€ 단어듀은 μ• μ΄ˆμ— μœ ν–‰λ„ μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
03:14
Sometimes, the answer is simple,
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κ·Έ 해닡은 κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
as when scientists or companies give an official name to a new discovery
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄λ‚˜ 단체듀이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°œκ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ κΈ°μˆ μ— λŒ€ν•œ 곡식 λͺ…칭을 λΆ€μ—¬ν•˜λŠ”λ°
03:20
or technology.
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03:22
And some countries have language academies to make the decisions.
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μ–΄λ–€ λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ€ μ–Έμ–΄ν•™ ν•™νšŒμ—μ„œ κ·Έ 결정을 λ‚΄λ¦¬κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
But for the most part, official sources like dictionaries
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 사전 같은 곡식 λ¬Έμ„œλ“€μ€
03:31
only document current usage.
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ν˜„μž¬ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λ“€λ§Œ κΈ°λ‘ν•˜λŠ” 것이 일반적이죠.
03:34
New words don't originate from above, but from ordinary people
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 단어듀은 ν•˜λŠ˜μ—μ„œ 떨어진 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
μ‹€μš©μ„±κ³Ό ν₯λ―Έκ°€ μ μ ˆν•˜κ²Œ μ„žμΈ 단어λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ ν™•μ‚°μ‹œν‚€λŠ”
03:38
spreading words that hit the right combination
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03:41
of useful and catchy.
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ν‰λ²”ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
Take the word meme,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 밈(meme)μ΄λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ”
03:46
coined in the 1970s by sociobiologist Richard Dawkins
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μ‚¬νšŒ μƒλ¬Όν•™μžμΈ λ¦¬μ°¨λ“œ λ„ν‚¨μŠ€κ°€ 1970λ…„λŒ€μ— λ§Œλ“  ν‘œν˜„μΈλ°μš”.
03:50
from the Ancient Greek for imitation.
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κ³ λŒ€ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ–΄μ—μ„œλŠ” '흉내내닀'λΌλŠ” μ˜λ―Έμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
He used it to describe how ideas and symbols propagate through a culture
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κ·ΈλŠ” 이 λ‹¨μ–΄λ‘œ λ¬Έν™” μ†μ—μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‚¬μƒμ΄λ‚˜ μƒμ§•λ“€μ˜ μ „νŒŒλ₯Ό
03:58
like genes through a population.
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λ²ˆμ‹μ„ 톡해 μœ μ „μžκ°€ νΌμ§€λŠ” 것과 κ°™λ‹€κ³  μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
With the advent of the Internet,
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μΈν„°λ„·μ˜ λ“±μž₯κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜
04:03
the process became directly observable in how jokes and images
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이 과정을 직접 λͺ©κ²©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μœ ν–‰μ–΄μ™€ 사진듀이 κΈ‰κ²©νžˆ 퍼지며 인기λ₯Ό μ–»λŠ” 과정이 λ°”λ‘œ 그것이죠.
04:07
were popularized at lightning speed.
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04:11
And soon, the word came to refer to a certain kind of image.
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μ–Όλ§ˆ μ§€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„ 이 λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” νŠΉμ • 사진듀을 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” 의미둜 μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
So meme not only describes how words become part of language,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ λ°ˆμ€ μ–΄λ–€ 단어가 μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ ν•œ 뢀뢄이 λ˜μ–΄κ°€λŠ” κ³Όμ •λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:19
the word is a meme itself.
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"흉내낸닀"λŠ” κ·Έ 자체의 μ˜λ―Έλ„ 있죠.
04:23
And there's a word for this phenomenon of words that describe themselves:
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 단어 μžμ²΄κ°€ 슀슀둜λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒμ„ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 단어도 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
04:27
autological.
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'autological'μ΄λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
Not all new words are created equal.
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‹ μ‘°μ–΄κ°€ ν‰λ“±ν•˜κ²Œ μƒκ²¨λ‚˜λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
Some stick around for millennia,
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μ–΄λ–€ 단어듀은 수천 λ…„κ°„ μš°λ¦¬μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ν–ˆκ³ 
04:34
some adapt to changing times,
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μ–΄λ–€ 단어듀은 μ‹œκ°„μ— 따라 λ³€ν™”ν•˜κ³ 
04:36
and others die off.
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μ–΄λ–€ 단어듀은 μ‚¬λΌμ Έλ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
Some relay information,
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μ–΄λ–€ 단어듀은 정보λ₯Ό μ „λ‹¬ν•˜κ³ 
04:41
some interpret it,
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μ–΄λ–€ 단어듀은 정보λ₯Ό ν•΄μ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
but the way these words are created
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 단어듀이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 방법과
04:44
and the journey they take to become part of our speech
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단어듀이 우리 λŒ€ν™”μ˜ 일뢀가 λ˜μ–΄κ°€λŠ” 과정은
04:47
tells us a lot about our world and how we communicate within it.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚¬λŠ” 세상과 κ·Έ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ†Œν†΅ν• μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ§Žμ€ κ±Έ μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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