Where do new words come from? - Marcel Danesi

Translator: Nazarbek Nazarov

Every year, about 1,000 new words are added to the Oxford English Dictionary.

Oksford ingliz tili lug'atida har yili 1000 ta yangi so'z paydo bo'ladi.

Where do they come from,

Ular qanday paydo bo'ladi

and how do they make it into our everyday lives?

va ular qanday qilib kundalik hayotimizga kirib keladi?

With over 170,000 words currently in use in the English language,

Hozirda ingliz tilida 170 000 dan ortiq so'z mavjud.

it might seem we already have plenty.

Shuni o'zi yetarlidek ko'rinadi.

Yet, as our world changes,

Biroq dunyomiz doimiy o'zgarishda,

new ideas and inventions spring forth,

yangi g'oyalar va ixtirolar paydo bo'lmoqda,

and science progresses,

ilm-fan rivojlanmoqda va oqibatda

our existing words leave gaps in what we want to express

tilimizda probellar paydo bo'ladi, ta'riflash uchun so'zlar topilmaydi.

and we fill those gaps in several ingenious,

Shunday ekan biz probellarni turli usullarda to'ldiramiz:

practical,

sinalgan,

and occasionally peculiar ways.

noodatiy, va ba'zan murakkab yo'l bilan.

One way is to absorb a word from another language.

Masalan, so'z boshqa tildan kirib kelishi mumkin.

English has borrowed so many words over its history

Ingliz tili o'z tarixi davomida shuncha so'zlarni kiritganki,

that nearly half of its vocabulary comes directly from other languages.

zamonaviy ingliz tilidagi so'zlarning yarmi boshqa tillardan kirib keldan.

Sometimes, this is simply because the thing the word describes

Ba'zida bunga sabab, o'sha so'z bilan birgalikda

was borrowed itself.

yangi bir tushuncha ham kirib kelishidir.

Rome and France brought legal and religious concepts,

Qadimgi Rim va Fransiyadan Angliyaga qonunlar va din, va ular bilan

like altar and jury, to Medieval England,

birga yangi so'zlar, masalan, altar [mehrob] va jury [hakamlar],

while trade brought crops and cuisine,

savdo yo'llari orqali yangicha taomlar,

like Arabic coffee,

masalan, arab qahvasi,

Italian spaghetti,

italyan spagaettisi, hind karrisi

and Indian curry.

kirib kelgan. Va shunday ham bo'ladiki, boshqa bir

But sometimes, another language has just the right word

tilda nimanidir tasvirlash, murakkab bir g'oya yoki hisni

for a complex idea or emotion,

tasvirlash uchun mukammal bir so'z mavjud bo'ladi. Masalan

like naïveté

naïveté - soddalik,

machismo,

machismo [machizm]

or schadenfreude.

yoki schadenfreude [ichiqoralik].

Scientists also use classical languages to name new concepts.

Olimlar yangi tushunchalar so'zlarni uchun qadimgi tillardan olishadi.

Clone, for example, was derived from the Ancient Greek word for twig

Masalan, "klon" so'zi qadimgi yunonlardagi "ko'chat" so'zidan olingan.

to describe creating a new plant from a piece of the old.

Chunki eski o'simlikning ko'chatidan xuddi klon qilgandek, yangi o'simlik

And today, the process works both ways,

o'stirish mumkin. Bugungi kunda bu teskarisiga ishlaydi.

with English lending words like software to languages all over the world.

Chunki software kabi so'zlar ingliz tilidan dunyo bo'ylab har xil tillarga

Another popular way to fill a vocabulary gap

tarqalmoqda. Probellarni to'ldirishning boshqa bir samarali usuli ham bor.

is by combining existing words that each convey part of the new concept.

Yangi g'oyaning qismlarini anglatib keluvchi ikkita so'zni qo'shish yo'li.

This can be done by combining two whole words into a compound word,

Buning uchun ikkita oddiy so'zni bitta tarkibga birlashtirish mumkin. Masalan,

like airport

airport [aeroport]

or starfish,

yoki starfish [dengiz yulduzi].

or by clipping and blending parts of words together, like spork,

So'zlarning qismlarini qo'shib ham so'z hosil qilish mumkin, 'spork' [vilkaqoshiq]

brunch,

brunch [branch]

or internet.

yoki "internet" so'zlariga o'xshab.

And unlike borrowings from other languages,

Boshqa tillardan olingan so'zlardan farqli o'laroq,

these can often be understood the first time you hear them.

bunday so'zlarning ma'nosini tezda ilib olish mumkin.

And sometimes a new word isn't new at all.

Ba'zida yangi so'zlar aslida bu eskirgan va esdan chiqqan so'zlardir.

Obsolete words gain new life by adopting new meanings.

Iste'moldan chiqqan eski so'zlar o'zlari- ning yangi ma'nosi bilan birga qaytadan

Villain originally meant a peasant farmer, but in a twist of aristocratic snobbery

kirib kelaveradi. Villain [yovuz] so'zi oddiy dehqon ma'nosini anglatgan, biroq

came to mean someone not bound by the knightly code of chivalry

aristokratlarning oliftaligi bilan, ritsarlik sharafiga loyiq bo'lmagan, ya'ni

and, therefore, a bad person.

yomon insonni anglatadigan bo'ldi. Geek [sho'ng'ib ketgan inson]

A geek went from being a carnival performer

deb aslida yarmarkalardagi masxarabozlarga aytishgan

to any strange person

Keyinchalik g'alati insonlarga, va

to a specific type of awkward genius.

nihoyat hozirgi ma'nosi — g'alati daholarga aytishni boshlashgan.

And other times, words come to mean their opposite through irony,

Yana shunaqasi bo'ladiki, ba'zi so'zlar ma'nosi butunlay qarama-qarshi ma'noga

metaphor,

ko'chadi. Kinoya sabab,

or misuse,

yoki shu so'zni noto'g'ri qo'llash natijasida.

like when sick or wicked are used to describe something literally amazing.

Masalan qandaydir maftunkor narsani 'sick' [kasal] yoki 'wicked' [yomon] deyishadi.

But if words can be formed in all these ways,

So'zlar shunchalar oson paydo bo'lar ekan,

why do some become mainstream while others fall out of use

lekin nega ba'zilari juda keng tarqaladi, ba'zilari esa vaqti bilan unutiladi?

or never catch on in the first place?

Ba'zilarini esa umuman yashab qolmasligini aytmasak ham bo'ladi.

Sometimes, the answer is simple,

Ba'zida savollarga javoblar oddiy.

as when scientists or companies give an official name to a new discovery

Masalan, olimlar va kompaniyalar yangi ixtiro yoki texnologiyalarga

or technology.

yangi nom berishadi, rasmiy nom.

And some countries have language academies to make the decisions.

Ba'zi davlatlarda so'zlar masalasida bosh qotiradigan butun boshli akademiyalar bor.

But for the most part, official sources like dictionaries

Lekin ko'p holatlarda rasmiy manbalar, asosan lug'atlar

only document current usage.

bu so'zlarning eskicha variantini namoyon qilishadi.

New words don't originate from above, but from ordinary people

Yangi so'zlar yuqoridan emas, quyidan, ya'ni oddiy insonlardan kelib chiqadi.

spreading words that hit the right combination

Ular oson esda qoluvchi va foydali so'zlarni

of useful and catchy.

maroq bilan talaffuz qilishadi va takrorlashadi.

Take the word meme,

Masalan, 'meme' so'zi. Bu so'z

coined in the 1970s by sociobiologist Richard Dawkins

sotsiobiolog Richard Dokinz tomonidan kiritilgan bo'lib, qadimgi yunon tilida

from the Ancient Greek for imitation.

"taqlid qilmoq" degan ma'noni anglatuvchi so'zdan kelib chiqqan.

He used it to describe how ideas and symbols propagate through a culture

U bu so'z bilan g'oyalar va timsollarning qanday qilib madaniyatga chuqur

like genes through a population.

kirib borishini tasvirlagan. Xuddi gen populyatsiyasi singari.

With the advent of the Internet,

Internet paydo bo'lishi bilan

the process became directly observable in how jokes and images

hazillar va rasmlarning qanchalar keng tarqalishi va mashhur bo'lishi

were popularized at lightning speed.

mumkin ekanligi misolida buning guvohi bo'ldik.

And soon, the word came to refer to a certain kind of image.

Juda tez orada bunday rasmlar aniq bir tasvir turini anglatishni boshladi.

So meme not only describes how words become part of language,

Shunday ekan "mem" so'zi nafaqat so'zlarning tilni bir qismiga aylanishini

the word is a meme itself.

anglatdi, balki uning o'zi ham memga aylandi.

And there's a word for this phenomenon of words that describe themselves:

Hattoki shunday so'zlar ham bor — o'zini ifodalab keluvchi so'zlar:

autological.

avtologik so'zlar.

Not all new words are created equal.

Hamma so'zlar bir-biriga qarshi emas.

Some stick around for millennia,

Ba'zilari ming yillab yashaydi,

some adapt to changing times,

ba'zilari vaqti bilan o'zgaradi,

and others die off.

ayrimlari hatto yo'q bo'lib ketadi.

Some relay information,

Ba'zilari axborot beradi, ba'zilari

some interpret it,

tarkibini ochib beradi, lekin

but the way these words are created

ularning qanday paydo bo'lishi va

and the journey they take to become part of our speech

nuqtimizning bir qismiga aylanish uchun qanday yo'lni bosib

tells us a lot about our world and how we communicate within it.

o'tgani bizga dunyo haqida va unda qanday muloqot qilishimiz haqda ma'lumot beradi.