What causes kidney stones? - Arash Shadman

6,080,525 views ・ 2017-07-03

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: inho han κ²€ν† : jiwon ryu
00:08
The biggest kidney stone on record weighed more than a kilogram
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기둝에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ κ°€μž₯ 큰 μ‹ μž₯ 결석은 1 kg이 λ„˜μ—ˆκ³ 
00:12
and was 17 centimeters in diameter.
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직경이 17 cmμ˜€λ‹€κ³  ν•œλ‹€.
00:16
The patient didn't actually swallow a stone the size of a coconut.
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ν™˜μžλŠ” μ½”μ½”λ„› ν¬κΈ°λ§Œν•œ 결석을 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 삼킨 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
Kidney stones form inside the body,
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μ‹ μž₯결석은 λͺΈ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 생긴닀.
00:23
but unfortunately, they're extremely painful to get out.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λΆˆν–‰νžˆλ„ λΉΌλ‚΄λŠ”λ° μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 고톡을 μˆ˜λ°˜ν•œλ‹€.
00:28
A kidney stone is a hard mass of crystals that can form in the kidneys,
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μ‹ μž₯결석은 λ”±λ”±ν•œ κ²°μ •μ²΄λ‘œμ„œ μ‹ μž₯
00:33
ureters,
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μš”κ΄€
00:34
bladder,
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λ°©κ΄‘
00:35
or urethra.
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μš”λ„μ—μ„œ 생길 수 μžˆλ‹€.
00:36
Urine contains compounds that consist of calcium,
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μ†Œλ³€μ€ ν˜Όν•©λ¬ΌμΈλ° 칼슘,
00:39
sodium,
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λ‚˜νŠΈλ₯¨
00:40
potassium,
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μΉΌλ₯¨
00:41
oxalate,
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μˆ˜μ‚°μ—Ό
00:42
uric acid,
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μš”μ‚°
00:43
and phosphate.
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μΈμ‚°μ—ΌμœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λœλ‹€.
00:45
If the levels of these particles get too high,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μž…μžκ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žκ±°λ‚˜
00:48
or if urine becomes too acidic or basic,
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μ†Œλ³€μ΄ λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ‚°μ„±ν™”λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ—ΌκΈ°ν™”λ˜λ©΄
00:51
the particles can clump together and crystallize.
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μž…μžλ“€μ€ λ­‰μ³μ„œ κ²°μ •ν™”λœλ‹€.
00:56
Unless the problem is addressed,
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λ¬Έμ œκ°€ ν•΄κ²°λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 이상
00:58
the crystals will gradually grow over a few weeks, months, or even years,
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결정은 λͺ‡ μ£Ό, λͺ‡ 달, λͺ‡ 년에 걸쳐 μ°¨μΈ° μ»€μ Έμ„œ
01:03
forming a detectable stone.
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감지할 수 μžˆλŠ” 결석을 λ§Œλ“ λ‹€.
01:08
Calcium oxalate is the most common type of crystal to form this way,
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μ˜₯μ‚΄μ‚° μΉΌμŠ˜μ€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²°μ •μ˜ κ°€μž₯ ν”ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ΄κ³ 
01:12
and accounts for about 80% of kidney stones.
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κ²°μ„μ˜ 80%λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν•œλ‹€.
01:16
Less common kidney stones are made of calcium phosphate, or uric acid.
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덜 일반적인 μ‹ μž₯ 결석은 μΈμ‚°μΉΌμŠ˜μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ‚°μœΌλ‘œ 이뀄진닀.
01:21
A slightly different type of stone
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μ•½κ°„ λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 결석은
01:23
made of the minerals magnesium ammonium phosphate, or struvite,
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인산 λ§ˆκ·Έλ„€μŠ˜ μ•”λͺ¨λŠ„μ΄λ‚˜ μŠ€νˆ¬λ£¨λ°”μ΄νŠΈ κ΄‘λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜κ³ 
01:27
can be caused by bacterial infection.
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ κ°μ—ΌμœΌλ‘œ 생길 수 μžˆλ‹€.
01:31
And even rarer stones can result from genetic disorders
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더 ν¬κ·€ν•œ 결석은 μœ μ „ μ§ˆν™˜μ΄λ‚˜
01:35
or certain medications.
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ•½λ¬Ό 치료둜 생길 수 μžˆλ‹€.
01:38
A kidney stone can go undetected until it starts to move.
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결석은 움직이기 μ „κΉŒμ§€ κ°μ§€λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 수 μžˆλ‹€.
01:44
When a stone travels through the kidney and into the ureter,
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결석이 μ‹ μž₯을 톡해 μš”κ΄€μœΌλ‘œ 이동할 λ•Œ
01:47
its sharp edges scratch the walls of the urinary tract.
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λ‚ μΉ΄λ‘œμš΄ λͺ¨μ„œλ¦¬κ°€ μš”λ‘œμ˜ 벽을 κΈλŠ”λ‹€.
01:52
Nerve endings embedded in this tissue transmit excruciating pain signals
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이 μ‘°μ§μ—μ„œ μžˆλŠ” λ§μ΄ˆμ‹ κ²½μ€ κ·Ήμ‹¬ν•œ 고톡 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό
01:57
through the nervous system.
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μ‹ κ²½ 체계λ₯Ό 톡해 보낸닀.
01:59
And the scratches can send blood flowing into the urine.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μƒμ²˜λŠ” ν”Όλ₯Ό 였쀌으둜 ν˜λ €λ³΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€.
02:04
This can be accompanied by symptoms of nausea,
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μ΄λŠ” λ©”μŠ€κΊΌμ›€
02:06
vomiting,
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ꡬ토 증상을 λ™λ°˜ν•  수 있고
02:07
and a burning sensation while urinating.
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μ˜€μ€Œμ„ 눌 λ•Œ νƒ€λŠ” λ“―ν•œ λŠλ‚Œμ„ 쀄 수 μžˆλ‹€.
02:11
If a stone gets big enough to actually block the flow of urine,
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결석이 였쀌의 흐름을 막을 만큼 컀지면
02:14
it can create an infection, or back flow,
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κ°μ—Όμ΄λ‚˜ μ—­λ₯˜λ₯Ό 일으켜
02:17
and damage the kidneys themselves.
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μ‹ μž₯을 망칠 수 μžˆλ‹€.
02:21
But most kidney stones don't become this serious,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‹ μž₯ 결석은 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ‹¬κ°ν•΄μ§€κ±°λ‚˜
02:24
or even require invasive treatment.
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μ™Έκ³ΌμΉ˜λ£Œλ₯Ό ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€.
02:27
Masses less than five millimeters in diameter
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직경 5mm μ΄ν•˜μ˜ 결석은
02:30
will usually pass out of the body on their own.
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보톡 μ €μ ˆλ‘œ λͺΈ λ°–μœΌλ‘œ λΉ μ Έλ‚˜κ°„λ‹€.
02:33
A doctor will often simply recommend drinking large amounts of water
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μ˜μ‚¬λŠ” μ’…μ’… κ·Έ 과정을 빨리 ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
02:37
to help speed the process along,
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물을 많이 λ§ˆμ‹œλΌκ³  μΆ”μ²œν•˜κ³ 
02:39
and maybe taking some pain killers.
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ μ§„ν†΅μ œλ₯Ό 쀄 것이닀.
02:43
If the stone is slightly larger, medications like alpha blockers
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결석이 μ•½κ°„ 더 크닀면 μ•ŒνŒŒμ°¨λ‹¨μ œ 같은 약이
02:47
can help by relaxing the muscles in the ureter
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μš”κ΄€μ˜ κ·Όμœ‘μ„ μ΄μ™„ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ„μ™€μ„œ
02:50
and making it easier for the stone to get through.
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결석이 λΉ μ Έλ‚˜κ°€κΈ° μ‰½κ²Œ ν•΄μ€€λ‹€.
02:54
Another medication called potassium citrate
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ꡬ연산칼λ₯¨μ΄λΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 약이
02:56
can help dissolve the stones by creating a less acidic urine.
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였쀌의 μ‚°μ„±λ₯Ό λœμ–΄μ€ŒμœΌλ‘œμ¨ 결석을 λ…Ήμ΄κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€.
03:02
For medium-sized stones up to about ten millimeters,
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10 mmκΉŒμ§€μ˜ 쀑간 크기 결석은
03:06
one option is pulverizing them with soundwaves.
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음파둜 λΆ„μ‡„ν•˜λŠ” 것이 ν•œ 방법이닀.
03:10
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy uses high-intensity pulses
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체외 좩격파 μ‡„μ„μˆ μ€ κ³ κ°•λ„μ˜ 진동을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬
03:16
of focused ultrasonic energy aimed directly at the stone.
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초음파λ₯Ό 결석에 직접 μ‘°μ€€ν•œλ‹€.
03:21
The pulses create vibrations inside the stone itself
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μ΄ˆμŒνŒŒλŠ” 결석 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 진동을 μΌμœΌν‚€κ³ 
03:25
and small bubbles jostle it.
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μž‘μ€ λ¬Όλ°©μšΈλ“€μ΄ λ°€μΉœλ‹€.
03:29
These combined forces crush the stone into smaller pieces
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 합쳐진 힘이 결석을 μž‘μ€ 쑰각으둜 λΆ€μˆ˜μ–΄
03:33
that can pass out of the body more easily.
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λͺΈ λ°–μœΌλ‘œ μ‰½κ²Œ λ‚˜κ°ˆ 수 있게 ν•œλ‹€.
03:37
But zapping a stone with sound doesn't work as well
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 결석을 초음파둜 μ—†μ• λŠ” 것은
03:40
if it's simply too big.
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결석이 λ„ˆλ¬΄ 클 λ•ŒλŠ” νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ—†λ‹€.
03:42
So sometimes, more invasive treatments are necessary.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 가끔 μ™Έκ³Ό μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€.
03:47
A rigid tube called a stent can be placed in the ureter to expand it.
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μŠ€ν…νŠΈλΌκ³  뢈λ₯΄λŠ” λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•œ 관이 μš”κ΄€ μ•ˆμ— μ‚½μž…λ˜μ–΄ μš”κ΄€μ„ ν™•μž₯ν•œλ‹€.
03:53
Optical fibers can deliver laser pulses to break up the stone.
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κ΄‘μ„¬μœ κ°€ λ ˆμ΄μ € νŒŒλ™μ„ 보내 결석을 λΆ€μˆœλ‹€.
03:57
Stones can also be surgically removed through an incision
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결석은 λ˜ν•œ ν™˜μžμ˜ λ“±μ΄λ‚˜ μ‚¬νƒ€κ΅¬λ‹ˆλ₯Ό
04:00
in the patient's back or groin.
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μ ˆκ°œν•˜μ—¬ μ™Έκ³Ό 수술둜 μ œκ±°ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€.
04:04
What about just avoiding kidney stones in the first place?
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결석을 μ²˜μŒλΆ€ν„° ν”Όν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ–΄λ–€κ°€?
04:07
For people prone to them,
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결석이 생기기 μ‰¬μš΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
04:09
their doctor may recommend drinking plenty of water,
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μ˜μ‚¬λŠ” 물을 많이 λ§ˆμ‹œλΌκ³  μΆ”μ²œν•  것이닀.
04:12
which dilutes the calcium oxalate and other compounds
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물은 κ³ ν†΅μŠ€λŸ° 결석을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”
04:15
that eventually build up into painful stones.
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μ˜₯μ‚΄μ‚° 칼슘과 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜Όν•©λ¬Όμ„ ν¬μ„ν•œλ‹€.
04:20
Foods like potato chips,
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감자칩
04:21
spinach,
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μ‹œκΈˆμΉ˜
04:22
rhubarb,
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λŒ€ν™©
04:23
and beets are high in oxalate,
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사탕무 같은 μŒμ‹λ“€μ€ μˆ˜μ‚°μ—Όμ΄ λ†’λ‹€.
04:26
so doctors might advise limiting them.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ 그런 μŒμ‹μ„ μ œν•œν•˜λΌκ³  μ‘°μ–Έν•  것이닀.
04:29
Even though calcium is often found in stones,
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칼슘이 μ’…μ’… κ²°μ„μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ–΄λ„
04:32
calcium in foods and beverages can actually help
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μŒμ‹κ³Ό μŒλ£Œμ†μ˜ μΉΌμŠ˜μ€
04:36
by binding to oxalate in the digestive tract
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ν‘μˆ˜λ˜μ–΄ μ‹ μž₯에 λ‹ΏκΈ° 전에
04:39
before it can be absorbed and reach the kidneys.
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μ†Œν™˜κ΄€μ—μ„œ μˆ˜μ‚°μ—Όκ³Ό κ²°ν•©ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 도움을 μ€€λ‹€.
04:43
If you do end up with a kidney stone, you're not alone.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ‹ μž₯ 결석이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ 혼자만 그런 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
Data suggests that rates are rising,
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λ°œμƒλ₯ μ΄ μ˜¬λΌκ°„λ‹€λŠ” 기둝이 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:48
but that world record probably won't be broken any time soon.
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세계 기둝이 곧 κΉ¨μ§€μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ„ 것이닀.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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