Why do animals have such different lifespans? - Joao Pedro de Magalhaes

5,607,219 views

2017-04-04 ・ TED-Ed


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Why do animals have such different lifespans? - Joao Pedro de Magalhaes

5,607,219 views ・ 2017-04-04

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Evee Kim κ²€ν† : Won Jang
00:08
For the microscopic lab worm, C. elegans
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μ—˜λ ˆκ°„μŠ€λŠ” ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” μ—°κ΅¬μš© κΈ°μƒμΆ©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:11
life equates to just a few short weeks on Earth.
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이 κΈ°μƒμΆ©μ˜ 생λͺ…은 μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ•½ λͺ‡ μ£Ό 밖에 λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
Compare that with the tortoise, which can age to more than 100 years.
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이λ₯Ό 100λ…„ λ„˜κ²Œ μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλŠ” 거뢁이와 ν•œ 번 비ꡐ해 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
00:20
Mice and rats reach the end of their lives after just four years,
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μ₯λ“€μ€ 4λ…„ 정도 μ‚΄κ³ λ‚˜λ©΄ 생을 λ§ˆκ°ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”λ°,
00:24
while for the bowhead whale, Earth's longest-lived mammal,
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λ°˜λ©΄μ— μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 였래 μ‚¬λŠ” 동물인 μˆ˜μ—Όκ³ λž˜μ˜ 경우
00:28
death can come after 200.
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200년을 λ„˜κ²Œ 살기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
Like most living things,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 생λͺ…체듀이 κ·Έλ ‡λ“―,
00:33
the vast majority of animals gradually degenerate after reaching sexual maturity
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 동물듀이 μ„±(性)적으둜 μ„±μˆ™ν•œ μ΄ν›„λ‘œλŠ” 점차 ν‡΄ν–‰ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”λ°,
00:38
in the process known as aging.
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이λ₯Ό 노화라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
But what does it really mean to age?
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λŠ™λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것은 ꡬ체적으둜 무엇을 μ˜λ―Έν• κΉŒμš”?
00:44
The drivers behind this process are varied and complicated,
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이 κ³Όμ • λ’€μ—λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ³  λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
00:48
but aging is ultimately caused by cell death and dysfunction.
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λ…Έν™”λŠ” ꢁ극적으둜 μ„Έν¬μ˜ 죽음과 κΈ°λŠ₯ μž₯μ• λ‘œ λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
When we're young, we constantly regenerate cells
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 어릴 λ•Œμ—λŠ” λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 세포λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄μ„œ
00:55
in order to replace dead and dying ones.
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μ£½κ±°λ‚˜ μ£½μ–΄κ°€λŠ” 세포듀을 κ΅μ²΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
But as we age, this process slows down.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‚˜μ΄κ°€ λ“€ 수둝, 이 과정은 점차 λ”λŽŒμ§€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
In addition, older cells don't perform their functions as well as young ones.
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심지어 λŠ™μ€ μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ Šμ€ 세포듀 보닀 κΈ°λŠ₯도 λ–¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
That makes our bodies go into a decline,
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이것은 우리의 신체건강을 μ•…ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ³ ,
01:09
which eventually results in disease and death.
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κ²°κ΅­μ—” μ§ˆλ³‘μ΄λ‚˜ μ£½μŒμ— λ‹€λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
But if that's consistently true,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것이 λͺ¨λ‘ 사싀이라면,
01:15
why the huge variance in aging patterns and lifespan within the animal kingdom?
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μ™œ λ™λ¬Όμ˜ 왕ꡭ에선 λ…Έν™”μ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄κ³Ό 수λͺ…에 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 차이가 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
01:21
The answer lies in several factors,
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이에 λŒ€ν•œ 해닡은 λͺ‡ 가지 사싀에 κ·Όκ±°ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
01:23
including environment
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λ°”λ‘œ ν™˜κ²½κ³Ό
01:24
and body size.
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신체 크기 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
These can place powerful evolutionary pressures on animals to adapt,
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이 두 가지 μš”μ†ŒλŠ” λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ—κ²Œ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 진화적 λ™κΈ°μœΌλ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•˜λ©°
01:31
which in turn makes the aging process different across species.
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λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 쒅에 λ”°λΌμ„œ λ…Έν™”μ§„ν–‰μ˜ 과정이 λ‹¬λΌμ§€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
Consider the cold depths of the Atlantic and Arctic Seas,
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λŒ€μ„œμ–‘κ³Ό λΆκ·Ήν•΄μ˜ 심해λ₯Ό 보면
01:39
where Greenland sharks can live to over 400 years,
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κ·Έλ¦°λž€λ“œ μƒμ–΄λŠ” 400년을 λ„˜κ²Œ μ‚΄κ³ ,
01:43
and the Arctic clam known as the quahog can live up to 500.
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λŒ€ν•©μ‘°κ°œλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ§„ λΆκ·Ήμ‘°κ°œλŠ” 500년을 λ„˜κ²Œ μ‚½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
Perhaps the most impressive of these ocean-dwelling ancients
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이 수 λ§Žμ€ λ°”λ‹€ 쑰상듀 μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ μ•„λ¬΄λž˜λ„ κ°€μž₯ 인상 κΉŠμ€ 것은,
01:51
is the Antarctic glass sponge,
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뢁극 μœ λ¦¬ν•΄λ©΄μœΌλ‘œ,
01:54
which can survive over 10,000 years in frigid waters.
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꽁꽁 μ–Έ λ¬Ό μ†μ—μ„œ 만 년을 λ„˜κ²Œ 살아남을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
In cold environments like these, heartbeats and metabolic rates slow down.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μΆ”μš΄ ν™˜κ²½μ€ 심μž₯박동과 μ‹ μ²΄ν™œλ™μ„ 늦μΆ₯λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
Researchers theorize that this also causes a slowing of the aging process.
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ 이 μΆ”μš΄ ν™˜κ²½μ΄ λ…Έν™”λ₯Ό λŠ¦μΆ˜λ‹€κ³  μ œμ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
In this way, the environment shapes longevity.
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이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ ν™˜κ²½μ΄ 수λͺ…을 κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
When it comes to size, it's often, but not always,
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늘 그런 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ, λͺΈμ§‘μ˜ 크기둜 λ³΄μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ
02:15
the case that larger species have a longer lifespan than smaller ones.
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λŒ€κ°œ λͺΈμ§‘이 큰 쒅듀이 λͺΈμ§‘이 μž‘μ€ μ’…λ“€ 보닀 수λͺ…이 κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
For instance, an elephant or whale will live much longer
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, μ½”λΌλ¦¬λ‚˜ κ³ λž˜κ°€
생μ₯λ‚˜ λ“€μ₯μ— λΉ„ν•΄ 훨씬 였래 μ‚΄κ³ ,
02:24
than a mouse, rat, or vole,
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02:26
which in turn have years on flies and worms.
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생μ₯λ‚˜ λ“€μ₯λŠ” νŒŒλ¦¬λ‚˜ μ• λ²Œλ ˆλ³΄λ‹€ λͺ‡ λ…„μ΄λ‚˜ 더 였래 μ‚½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
Some small animals, like worms and flies,
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μ• λ²Œλ ˆλ‚˜ νŒŒλ¦¬μ™€ 같은 μž‘μ€ 동물듀은
02:33
are also limited by the mechanics of their cell division.
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세포뢄열에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 기술적인 ν•œκ³„κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
They're mostly made up of cells that can't divide and be replaced when damaged,
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μ΄λ“€μ˜ μ„Έν¬λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 뢄열이 λΆˆκ°€ν•˜λ©° ν›Όμ†λ˜μ–΄λ„ μƒˆλ‘œλ§Œλ“€ 수 μ—†κ³ 
02:42
so their bodies expire more quickly.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 수λͺ…이 더 짧은 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
And size is a powerful evolutionary driver in animals.
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λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ—κ²Œ λͺΈμ§‘은 κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 진화동기 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
Smaller creatures are more prone to predators.
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λͺΈμ§‘이 μž‘μ€ 동물듀은 μ μ—κ²Œ 더 μ‰½κ²Œ λ‹Ήν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
A mouse, for instance, can hardly expect to survive more than a year in the wild.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ•Όμƒμ—μ„œ μ₯λŠ” 1λ…„ λ„˜κ²Œ 살아남기가 νž˜λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
So, it has evolved to grow and reproduce more rapidly,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 더 빨리 μ„±μž₯ν•΄μ„œ 더 빨리 μΆœμ‚°ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μ§„ν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
like an evolutionary defense mechanism against its shorter lifespan.
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μ΄λŠ” 짧은 수λͺ…에 λŒ€ν•œ 방어적 기제의 진화라고 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
Larger animals, by contrast, are better at fending off predators,
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λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ λͺΈμ§‘이 큰 동물듀은 μ²œμ μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ‰½κ²Œ 살아남을 수 μžˆκΈ°μ—
03:09
and so they have the luxury of time to grow to large sizes
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λͺΈμ§‘을 ν‚€μš°λ©° λŠκΈ‹ν•˜κ²Œ μ„±μž₯ν•  수 있으며
03:12
and reproduce multiple times during their lives.
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일생에 μ—¬λŸ¬ 번 μΆœμ‚°μ„ ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
Exceptions to the size rule include bats, birds, moles, and turtles,
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λ°•μ₯, μƒˆ, 두더지, 거뢁이듀은 μ˜ˆμ™Έμ΄μ§€λ§Œ
03:22
but in each case, these animals have other adaptations
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이듀은 각각 μ²œμ μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° ν”Όν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘
03:25
that allow them to escape predators.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ μ‘ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
But there are still cases where animals with similar defining features,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬μ „νžˆ 동물듀 μ€‘μ—μ„œλŠ” νŠΉμ§•λ„ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ³ ,
03:32
like size and habitat,
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λͺΈμ§‘κ³Ό μ„œμ‹μ§€κ°€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•¨μ—λ„
03:34
age at completely different rates.
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노화진행이 ν™•μ—°νžˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ 동물듀이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
In these cases, genetic differences,
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이 κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”, μœ μ „μ  차이듀
03:39
like how each organism's cells respond to threats,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, 각 개체의 세포듀이 μœ„κΈ°μ— μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ ν•˜λŠλƒμ™€ 같은 것듀이
03:43
often account for the discrepancies in longevity.
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주둜 수λͺ…μ˜ 차이λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ²Œλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
So it's the combination of all these factors
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λͺ¨λ“  사싀듀을 μ’…ν•©ν•˜κ³ 
03:49
playing out to differing degrees in different animals
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 동물듀을 μ—¬λŸ¬ κ°λ„μ—μ„œ 비ꡐ해보아야
03:52
that explains the variability we see in the animal kingdom.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³΄λŠ” λ™λ¬Όμ˜ μ™•κ΅­ μ†μ˜ 닀양함을 μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
So what about us?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
03:59
Humans currently have an average life expectancy of 71 years,
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ν˜„μž¬ μΈκ°„μ˜ 평균 κΈ°λŒ€μˆ˜λͺ…은 71μ„Έλ‘œμ¨,
04:03
meaning that we're not even close to being the longest living inhabitants on Earth.
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μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ˜ κ°€μž₯ μž₯μˆ˜ν•˜λŠ” 생λͺ…체에 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜λ©΄ ν•œμ°Έ λΆ€μ‘±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
But we are very good at increasing our life expectancy.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κΈ°λŒ€μˆ˜λͺ…을 λŠ˜λ¦¬λŠ” 데 일가견이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
In the early 1900s, humans only lived an average of 50 years.
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1900λ…„λŒ€ 초, 인간은 보톡 50년을 μ‚΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
Since then, we've learned to adapt by managing many of the factors
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κ·Έλ•ŒλΆ€ν„° μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ£½μŒμ„ μ΄ˆλž˜ν•˜λŠ” λ§Žμ€ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜λ©°
04:21
that cause deaths,
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μ μ‘ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ°°μ›Œμ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
like environmental exposure and nutrition.
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ν™˜κ²½μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…ΈμΆœμ΄λ‚˜ μ˜μ–‘μ†Œ 같은 것듀이죠.
04:26
This, and other increases in life expectancy
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이런 μ €λŸ° λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λŒ€μˆ˜λͺ…을 늘린 덕뢄에
04:29
make us possibly the only species on Earth
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μ•„λ§ˆ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ—μ„œμ˜ μœ μΌν•˜κ²Œ
04:32
to take control over our natural fate.
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μžμ—°μ  운λͺ…을 ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” 쒅이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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