How pigeons took over the world - Elizabeth Carlen and Joanna Moles

638,775 views ใƒป 2022-03-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:06
Itโ€™s the morning of June 12th, 1944
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ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”-12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1944
00:09
and a pigeon named Paddy is making an epic 368 kilometer journey.
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ื•ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืคืื“ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืกืข ืืคื™ ื‘ืŸ 368 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
00:13
He manages to dodge Nazi falcons then beats on through stormy weather,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ื‘ื–ื™ื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื•ืื– ืžื ืคื ืฃ ื“ืจืš ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกื•ืขืจ,
00:18
flying an average of 79 kilometers per hour for almost five hours straight.
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ืขืฃ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข 79 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืฃ.
00:23
Paddyโ€™s carrying the first news of the D-Day invasion back to England.
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ืคืื“ื™ ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœื ื•ืจืžื ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
00:27
He wins a medal for gallantry for this accomplishment.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืฉืœื•.
00:31
Paddy was one of around 250,000 pigeons
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ืคืื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืขืจืš 250,000 ื™ื•ื ื™ื
00:35
used by the British during World War II to speedily transport secret messages.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:40
In fact, pigeon delivery systems are ancient human practices.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืขืชื™ืง.
00:45
Seeing their meat as a protein source
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ื›ืฉืจืื• ืืช ื‘ืฉืจืŸ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ
00:47
and their nitrogen-rich poop as the perfect fertilizer,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื ืงืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ื“ืฉืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื,
00:50
humans brought pigeons into captivity as far back as 10,000 years ago.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื”.
00:55
We then tapped into other traits.
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ืื– ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
00:58
Pigeons are naturally speedy and possess a powerful homing instinct
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ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ื—ื–ืง ืœื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
01:02
that drives them to navigate long distances
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืŸ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
01:04
back to the location they consider โ€œhome.โ€
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœโ€œื‘ื™ืช.โ€
01:07
So we began developing pigeon posts and breeding and training them for racing.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื— ื“ื•ืืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืจื‘ื ื• ื•ืื™ืžื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืฆื™ื.
01:12
In a hobby called โ€œpigeon fancying,โ€
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ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ืงืจืื” โ€œื™ืคื™ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื ื™ืโ€,
01:14
people selected for traits like head plumage
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืจื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคืœื•ืžืช ืจืืฉ
01:16
and fabulously feathered feet.
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ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืžื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืคืœื.
01:19
As we carried pigeons around the world, they escaped or were released,
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ื›ืฉืœืงื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื• ืื• ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื•,
01:23
forming the wild urban flocks we're familiar with today.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:27
Pigeons are now one of the most abundant, widespread species on the planet,
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”,
01:31
managing to thrive in chaotic cities.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
01:33
They owe their success to an ideal combination of traits,
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืื™ื“ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
01:37
including some that were accentuated by humans.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
01:40
Unlike birds that nest on the ground or in trees,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืงื ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืื• ื‘ืขืฆื™ื,
01:43
pigeons were originally cliff-dwellers.
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ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื•ืงื™ื.
01:46
City buildings mimic their natural habitat.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืขืจื™ื ืžื“ืžื™ื ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:49
And pigeons set a notoriously low bar when it comes to homemaking.
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ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืฃ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื ื™ื.
01:53
Add some sticks to any window ledge or highway overpass
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ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ื›ืžื” ืžืงืœื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืกืฃ ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืื• ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ
01:57
and it's a great spot to raise babies.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื’ื“ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.
01:59
This unfussiness allows them to live in environments
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ืจืจื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช
02:02
where more specialized species canโ€™t.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
02:05
As generalists, pigeons take advantage of urban food waste.
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ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™, ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื ืฆืœื•ืช ืืช ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™.
02:10
With an organ in their throats called a crop,
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ืขื ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ื–ืคืง,
02:12
they can gorge themselves when food is available and store some for later.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืื‘ื™ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœืื’ื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:17
They provide โ€œcrop milkโ€ to their young instead of having to fetch them live food.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช โ€œื—ืœื‘ ื–ืคืงโ€ ืœื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื—ื™.
02:22
Chicks grow quickly with this fat and protein-rich meal.
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ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ืฉืžื ื” ืžืœืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื–ื•.
02:25
If conditions are right, pigeons breed year-round
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ืื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื, ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”
02:28
and produce new offspring every six weeks.
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
02:31
They actually have higher breeding rates in cities
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื
02:34
because of the abundance of food and shelter.
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ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืžื—ืกื”.
02:37
These booming populations attract predators.
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
02:40
New York City is home to a million pigeons,
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ื,
02:43
which support large populations of raptors.
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ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืกื™ื.
02:46
But pigeonsโ€™ aptitude for swift flight,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ ืžื”ืจ,
02:47
further exploited by being bred for racing,
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ืฉื”ื•ื’ื‘ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืœืžืจื•ืฆื™ื,
02:50
means theyโ€™re made for high speed chases.
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืจื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
02:53
Compared to barn owls, which are a similar size,
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืชื ืฉืžืช ืœื‘ื ื”, ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื”,
02:55
pigeon wing bones are thicker and more curved,
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ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืขื•ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:58
providing extra space for muscle mass.
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ื•ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืกืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
03:00
They can reach speeds of 125 kilometers per hour.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ 125 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื”.
03:04
And their large flocks ensure safety in numbers and more eyes on the lookout.
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ื•ื”ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื•ืช.
03:09
While pigeons play a starring role in urban wildlife,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™,
03:12
weโ€™re not always enthusiastic neighbors.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื.
03:15
In 1966, New Yorkโ€™s parks commissioner coined the term โ€œrats with wingsโ€
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ื‘-1966, ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— โ€œืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื›ื ืคื™ื™ืโ€
03:20
and it stuck.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื‘ืง.
03:22
Indeed, their poop,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืฆื•ืื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
03:23
which we originally cherished as fertilizer, presents a unique problem.
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ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ื“ืฉืŸ, ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.
03:27
Just one pigeon can leave behind 11 kilograms of acidic excrement per year,
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ื™ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื” 11 ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืื” ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”,
03:33
which, in the United States, scales to about $1.1 billion
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ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื‘ืขืจืš 1.1 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
03:37
in structural damage annually.
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ื‘ื ื–ืง ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
03:39
Though incidents of infection are rare,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื”ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื,
03:42
this poop can host fungi that are harmful to people if inhaled.
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ื”ืฆื•ืื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ.
03:45
They may be numerous, noisy and a little too keen on your lunch,
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ื”ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืจื•ืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
03:49
but the pigeons that swirl around us
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
03:51
are evidence of an ancient, ongoing relationship.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื.
03:55
Their rise to world domination has been a collaborative effort.
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ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืืžืฅ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
03:59
For better or for worse, we did this to ourselves.
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืข, ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขืฆืžื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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