How do germs spread (and why do they make us sick)? - Yannay Khaikin and Nicole Mideo

940,364 views ใƒป 2014-10-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
The sun is shining.
0
6947
1358
ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช.
00:08
The birds are singing.
1
8329
1724
ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืฆื•ืช.
00:10
It looks like the start of another lovely day.
2
10077
2518
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื ื”ื“ืจ.
00:12
You're walking happily in the park, when, "Ah-choo!"
3
12619
2678
ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืคืืจืง, ื›ืฉ, "ืื”-ืฆ'ื•!"
00:16
A passing stranger has expelled mucus and saliva from their mouth and nose.
4
16082
3917
ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื— ื–ืจ ืคื•ืœื˜ ื ื–ืœืช ื•ืจื•ืง ืžื”ืคื” ื•ืžื”ืืฃ.
00:20
You can feel the droplets of moisture land on your skin,
5
20023
3059
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ื•ืช ื ื•ื—ืชื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:23
but what you can't feel are the thousands, or even millions,
6
23106
2973
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื ืืœืคื™ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™,
00:26
of microscopic germs that have covertly traveled through the air
7
26103
3578
ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ
00:29
and onto your clothing, hands and face.
8
29705
2913
ื•ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
00:32
As gross as this scenario sounds,
9
32642
1769
ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื“ื•ื—ื”,
00:34
it's actually very common for our bodies to be exposed to disease-causing germs,
10
34435
4182
ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
00:38
and most of the time, it's not nearly as obvious.
11
38641
2720
ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
00:41
Germs are found on almost every surface we come into contact with.
12
41385
3249
ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืื™ืชื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข.
00:44
When we talk about germs,
13
44658
1219
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
00:45
we're actually referring to many different kinds of microscopic organisms,
14
45901
4371
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื,
00:50
including bacteria, fungi,
15
50296
2355
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื–ื•ืื” ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื.
00:52
protozoa and viruses.
16
52675
1572
00:55
But what our germs all have in common is the ability to interact with our bodies
17
55224
3973
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
00:59
and change how we feel and function.
18
59221
1744
ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
01:01
Scientists who study infectious diseases have wondered for decades
19
61897
3385
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืชื”ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
01:05
why it is that some of these germs are relatively harmless,
20
65306
4057
ืœืžื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื,
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื.
01:09
while others cause devastating effects and can sometimes be fatal.
21
69399
3480
01:13
We still haven't solved the entire puzzle,
22
73522
2516
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคืชืจื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืื–ืœ,
01:16
but what we do know is that the harmfulness, or virulence,
23
76062
3485
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื ื–ืง, ืื• ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
01:19
of a germ is a result of evolution.
24
79571
2135
ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
01:21
How can it be that the same evolutionary process
25
81730
2519
ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™
01:24
can produce germs that cause very different levels of harm?
26
84273
2869
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง?
01:27
The answer starts to become clear
27
87960
1783
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
01:29
if we think about a germ's mode of transmission,
28
89767
2650
01:32
which is the strategy it uses to get from one host to the next.
29
92441
3600
ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืžืชืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืžืืจื— ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
01:36
A common mode of transmission occurs through the air,
30
96065
2762
ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ื™ืจ,
01:38
like the sneeze you just witnessed,
31
98851
1689
ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฆืคื™ืชื ื›ืจื’ืข,
01:40
and one germ that uses this method is the rhinovirus,
32
100564
3089
ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืจื™ื™ื ื•-ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
01:43
which replicates in our upper airways,
33
103677
1814
ืฉืžืฉืชื›ืคืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
01:45
and is responsible for up to half of all common colds.
34
105515
2953
ื•ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืขื“ ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช.
01:48
Now, imagine that after the sneeze,
35
108492
1938
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืฉ,
01:50
one of three hypothetical varieties of rhinovirus,
36
110454
3528
ืœืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื ื•-ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
01:54
let's call them "too much," "too little," and "just right,"
37
114006
4299
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื "ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™," "ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™," ื• "ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง,"
01:58
has been lucky enough to land on you.
38
118329
2220
ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื–ืœ ืœื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื.
02:00
These viruses are hardwired to replicate,
39
120573
2919
ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ,
02:03
but because of genetic differences, they will do so at different rates.
40
123516
3430
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:06
"Too much" multiplies very often,
41
126970
2679
"ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™" ืžืฉืชื›ืคืœ ืžืžืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ.
02:09
making it very successful in the short run.
42
129674
2178
02:11
However, this success comes at a cost to you, the host.
43
131876
3336
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœื›ื, ื”ืžืืจื—.
02:15
A quickly replicating virus can cause more damage to your body,
44
135236
3842
ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืžืฉืชื›ืคืœ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื–ืง ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
02:19
making cold symptoms more severe.
45
139102
2157
ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:21
If you're too sick to leave your home,
46
141871
1840
ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช,
02:23
you don't give the virus any opportunities to jump to a new host.
47
143735
3848
ืืชื ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืœืžืืจื— ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:27
And if the disease should kill you,
48
147607
1943
ื•ืื ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืชื”ืจื•ื’ ืืชื›ื,
02:29
the virus' own life cycle will end along with yours.
49
149574
3152
ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉืœื›ื.
02:32
"Too little," on the other hand, multiplies rarely
50
152750
2636
"ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™," ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืžืฉืชื›ืคืœ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช
02:35
and causes you little harm in the process.
51
155410
2183
ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ื ื–ืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
02:37
Although this leaves you healthy enough to interact with other potential hosts,
52
157617
3753
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:41
the lack of symptoms means you may not sneeze at all,
53
161394
3248
ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืชืชืขื˜ืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
02:44
or if you do, there may be too few viruses in your mucus to infect anyone else.
54
164666
4790
ืื• ืฉืื ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื ื–ืœืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:49
Meanwhile, "just right" has been replicating quickly enough
55
169480
3297
ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, "ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง" ื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ ืžื”ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง
02:52
to ensure that you're carrying sufficient amounts of the virus to spread
56
172801
3396
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ
02:56
but not so often that you're too sick to get out of bed.
57
176221
2643
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœืงื•ื ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื”.
02:59
And in the end, it's the one that will be most successful
58
179671
2768
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—
03:02
at transmitting itself to new hosts and giving rise to the next generation.
59
182463
4168
ื‘ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืืจื—ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
03:07
This describes what scientists call trade-off hypothesis.
60
187442
3534
ื–ื” ืžืชืืจ ืžื” ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช.
03:11
First developed in the early 1980s,
61
191000
1994
ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 80.
03:13
it predicts that germs will evolve to maximize their overall success
62
193018
3537
ื”ื™ื ืžื ื‘ืืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื™ืชืคืชื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื
03:16
by achieving a balance between replicating within a host,
63
196579
2851
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื’ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืืจื—,
03:19
which causes virulence, and transmission to a new host.
64
199454
3392
ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืžืืจื— ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:23
In the case of the rhinovirus,
65
203908
1994
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื ื•-ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
03:25
the hypothesis predicts that its evolution will favor less virulent forms
66
205926
4649
ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืžื ื‘ืืช ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืชืขื“ื™ืฃ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื™ื
03:30
because it relies on close contact to get to its next victim.
67
210599
3437
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžื’ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื.
03:34
For the rhinovirus, a mobile host is a good host,
68
214060
3087
ืœืจื™ื ื•-ื•ื™ืจื•ืก, ืžืืจื— ื ื™ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืืจื— ื˜ื•ื‘,
03:37
and indeed, that is what we see.
69
217171
1788
ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
03:38
While most people experience a runny nose, coughing and sneezing,
70
218983
3778
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืฃ ืžื ื•ื–ืœ, ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ ื•ืขื™ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื,
03:42
the common cold is generally mild and only lasts about a week.
71
222785
3308
ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืงืœื” ื•ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื.
03:46
It would be great if the story ended there,
72
226117
2036
ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืœื ืื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ืžืจ ืฉื,
03:48
but germs use many other modes of transmission.
73
228177
2327
ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจื”.
03:50
For example, the malaria parasite, plasmodium, is transmitted by mosquitoes.
74
230528
4856
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”, ืคืœืกืžื•ื“ื™ื•ื, ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
03:55
Unlike the rhinovirus, it doesn't need us to be up and about,
75
235408
3418
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื™ื ื•-ื•ื™ืจื•ืก, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
03:58
and may even benefit from harming us
76
238850
2179
ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื•
04:01
since a sick and immobile person is easier for mosquitoes to bite.
77
241053
4035
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื“ื ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ืกืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืฅ ืื•ืชื•.
04:05
We would expect germs that depend less on host mobility,
78
245112
2743
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืจื—,
04:07
like those transmitted by insects, water or food,
79
247879
2952
ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื, ืžื™ื ืื• ืื•ื›ืœ,
04:10
to cause more severe symptoms.
80
250855
2110
ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:12
So, what can we do to reduce the harmfulness of infectious diseases?
81
252989
3759
ืื–, ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช?
04:16
Evolutionary biologist Dr. Paul Ewald
82
256772
2576
ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ืจ. ืคื•ืœ ืื•ื•ืœื“ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช
04:19
has suggested that we can actually direct their evolution
83
259373
2904
ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
04:22
through simple disease-control methods.
84
262309
2226
04:24
By mosquito-proofing houses, establishing clean water systems,
85
264559
3428
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื,
04:28
or staying home when we get a cold,
86
268011
2126
ืื• ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื˜ื ื ื™ื,
04:30
we can obstruct the transmission strategies of harmful germs
87
270161
2947
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื
04:33
while creating a greater dependence on host mobility.
88
273132
2779
ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืจื—.
04:35
So, while traditional methods of trying to eradicate germs
89
275935
2737
ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืกืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
04:38
may only breed stronger ones in the long run,
90
278696
2732
ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš,
04:41
this innovative approach of encouraging them to evolve milder forms
91
281452
4386
ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:45
could be a win-win situation.
92
285862
1804
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ-ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ.
04:47
(Cough)
93
287690
1423
ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ
04:49
Well, for the most part.
94
289137
1856
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7