How does hibernation work? - Sheena Lee Faherty

1,544,873 views ใƒป 2018-05-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Onboard the spacecraft, the astronauts preset the timer,
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช, ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืžืจ,
00:10
enclose themselves in capsules,
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ืขื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืงืคืกื•ืœื”,
00:12
and fall into a deep hibernation
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ื•ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชืจื“ืžืช ืขืžื•ืงื”
00:14
thatโ€™ll carry them several hundred years into the future.
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ืฉืชื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“.
00:19
This is a familiar scene in many sci-fi films,
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ื–ื• ืกืฆื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืจื˜ื™ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™,
00:22
but could humans ever actually hibernate in real life?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชืจื“ืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื?
00:26
Researchers interested in this question turn to the animal kingdom,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™,
00:30
where hibernation is commonplace,
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ืฉื ืชืจื“ืžืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
00:32
occurring in over 200 species that we know of.
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ื•ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 200 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
00:36
Take the Arctic ground squirrel.
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ืกื ืื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™.
00:38
Native to the North American tundra and northern Russia,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื”,
00:42
this animal burrows beneath the permafrost
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ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืชื—ืคืจืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื›ื‘ืช ื›ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขื“
00:44
and slips into a state of suspended animation,
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ื•ื ื•ืคืœืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
00:47
its body temperature plummeting to a frigid -2.9 degrees Celsius.
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื• ืฆื•ื ื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ื•ืก 2.9 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืงืคื•ืื•ืช.
00:53
Others, like the female black bear, can multitask,
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ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื ืงื‘ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช,
00:56
giving birth and lactating while theyโ€™re hibernating through the winter.
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ืžืžืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืžื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
01:01
The fat-tailed dwarf lemur prepares for its long dormancy
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ื”ืœืžื•ืจ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื ื‘ ืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื•
01:05
by gorging on food and storing the majority of its fat reserves in its tail,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ืื‘ืกื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืจื•ื‘ ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ื ื‘,
01:09
doubling its body weight.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ืžืฉืงื•ืœืช.
01:11
After hibernation, it emerges looking as svelte as ever.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืจื“ืžืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื•ื ืจืื” ืจื–ื” ื›ืชืžื™ื“.
01:15
So why do these animals go to such extremes?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืืœื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื?
01:19
Hibernation is a necessity,
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ืชืจื“ืžืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—,
01:21
a survival tactic for making it through the harsh winter months
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ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืงืฉื™ื
01:24
when dwindling food and water reserves threaten survival.
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ื›ืฉืžืื’ืจื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืžื™ื ืžืชื“ืœื“ืœื™ื ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
01:28
For many years, experts believed hibernation happened
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืชืจื“ืžืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช
01:31
only in arctic and temperate environments.
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ืจืง ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:33
But more recently, theyโ€™ve discovered animals hibernating
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช
01:36
even in arid deserts and tropical rainforests.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื—ื™ื—ื™ื ื•ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื.
01:40
As hibernation kicks in,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืจื“ืžืช ื ื›ื ืกืช,
01:42
animalsโ€™ heartbeats usually slow to about 1 to 3% of their original speed,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœ 1 ืขื“ 3% ืžื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื,
01:48
like the dwarf lemurโ€™s,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืœืžื•ืจ ื”ื’ืžื“ื™,
01:49
which drops from its usual roughly 180 beats per minute
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ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ืžื”ืงืฆื‘ ืœื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 180 ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืงื”
01:53
to just around four.
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ืœืจืง ื‘ืขืจืš ืืจื‘ืข.
01:55
Breathing also declines dramatically
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ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื’ื ืคื•ื—ืชืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช
01:57
to just one breath every 10 to 21 minutes in the lemurโ€™s case.
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ืœืจืง ืื—ืช ื›ืœ 10 ืขื“ 21 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื•ืจ.
02:02
And black bears, like most hibernators,
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ื•ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช,
02:05
donโ€™t urinate or defecate the entire hibernation season.
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ืœื ืžืฉืชื™ื ื™ื ืื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืฆื•ืื” ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชืจื“ืžืช.
02:09
Hibernating animals appear to stay alive
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
02:11
by having just enough blood and oxygen moving around their bodies.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื“ื ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
02:15
And scans of hibernating animals reveal that their brain activity
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ื•ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
02:19
has just about flat-lined.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช.
02:22
But hibernation isnโ€™t a long winterโ€™s nap.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจื“ืžืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉื ืช ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืืจื•ื›ื”.
02:25
As far as researchers know,
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:27
in lemurs and ground squirrels anyway,
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ื‘ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืกื ืื™ ืื“ืžื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช,
02:29
the animals arenโ€™t even sleeping for most of it.
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:32
Hibernation is actually made up of regular bouts of reduced metabolic rate
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ืชืจื“ืžืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™
02:37
and body temperature known as torpor.
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ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ื˜ื•ืจืคื•ืจ.
02:39
Animals can be in torpor for a few days to five weeks,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืคื•ืจ ืœื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
02:43
after which they resume normal metabolic rate and body temperature
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ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืงืฆื‘ ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื•ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื™ื
02:47
for about 24 hours,
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ืœื‘ืขืจืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช,
02:49
before going back into torpor again.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื˜ื•ืจืคื•ืจ.
02:51
The phenomenon is known as an interbout arousal,
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ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:54
and why it occurs is still a mystery.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ.
02:57
The behaviors inherent in hibernation,
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืชืจื“ืžืช,
03:00
like going five weeks without sleep,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื”,
03:02
or dropping to near-freezing body temperatures
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ืื• ืœืจื“ืช ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ
03:05
would be potentially fatal to non-hibernating species like us.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชืจื“ืžืช ื›ืžื•ื ื•.
03:09
To find out how hibernators are able to do this,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
03:12
researchers turned their attention to those animalโ€™s genomes.
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
03:16
So far, theyโ€™ve discovered that hibernation is controlled by genes
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ืขื“ ื›ื”, ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืชืจื“ืžืช ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื ื™ื
03:19
that turn off and on in unique patterns throughout the year,
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ืฉื ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื“ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื”,
03:23
fine-tuning the hibernatorโ€™s physiology and behavior.
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ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”.
03:27
For example, ground squirrel, bear and dwarf lemur studies
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื ืื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืœืžื•ืจ ื”ื ื ืกื™
03:31
have revealed that these animals are able to turn on the genes
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื’ื ื™ื
03:34
that control fat metabolism
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ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื
03:36
precisely when they need to use their fat stores
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ
03:38
as fuel to survive long periods of fasting.
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ื›ื“ืœืง ืœื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื.
03:42
And the genes in question are present in all mammals,
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ื•ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื,
03:44
which means that researchers could study hibernating mammals
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช
03:48
to see how their unique control of physiology might help humans.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
03:52
Understanding how hibernators deal with reduced blood flow
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ื”ื‘ื ื” ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื“ื ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช
03:56
could lead to better treatments for protecting the brain during a stroke.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื‘ืฅ.
04:00
Figuring out how these animals avoid muscle deterioration
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ื”ื‘ื ื” ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื
04:03
might improve the lives of bedridden patients.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืคืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžืจื•ืชืงื™ื ืœืžื™ื˜ื”.
04:06
And studying how hibernating animals control their weight with ease
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ื•ื—ืงืจ ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
04:09
could illuminate the relationship between metabolism and weight gain in humans.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ื•ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:14
And yes, more research in this area
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื
04:16
might someday make human hibernation a real possibility.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืชืจื“ืžืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
04:20
Imagine our surprise if the key to intergalactic travel
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงื˜ื™
04:24
turns out to be ground squirrels, black bears, and dwarf lemurs.
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ื™ื’ื™ืข ืžืกื ืื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื ื ืกื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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