Why is it so hard to break a bad habit?

939,610 views ใƒป 2023-08-31

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Billions of people deal with a nail-biting habit at some point in their lives.
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื’ืœ ื›ืกื™ืกืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
00:12
Many will go to great lengths to try to stop,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืขืฉื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง,
00:14
employing strategies like rubbing chili peppers on their cuticles,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืœืฉืคืฉืฃ ืคืœืคืœื™ ืฆ'ื™ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
00:17
wearing gloves all day, dipping their hands in salt,
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ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืคืคื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืœื—
00:20
and envisioning bacteria crawling on their fingers.
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ื•ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื.
00:25
And while not all of us are nail-biters,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ื•ืกืกื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื,
00:27
most of us do have a habit we'd like to kick.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื ื•.
00:30
So what's the best way to break one?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืจืข?
00:33
Scientists define habits as behaviors that are performed regularly,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื›ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข,
00:37
and cued subconsciously in response to certain environments,
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ื•ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช,
00:41
whether it be a location, time of day, or even an emotional state.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืžื™ืงื•ื, ืฉืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆื‘ ืจื’ืฉื™.
00:45
They can include simple actions like picking your hair when stressed,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืœืชืœื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื,
00:48
but also more complex practices ingrained in daily routines,
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ืืš ื’ื ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื’ืจื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช,
00:53
like staying up late or brewing your coffee in the morning.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืจ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืงืคื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
00:56
If you do something frequently, without much deliberation,
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ืื ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ ืžืื•ื“,
01:00
then itโ€™s likely a habit.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืœ.
01:02
They form because at some point your brain learns that the behavior is beneficial.
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ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”.
01:08
Let's say after opening a stressful email, you bite your nails.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืœืื—ืจ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื“ื•ืโ€œืœ ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ, ืืชื ื›ื•ืกืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื.
01:11
This is rewarding, as itโ€™s enough to focus your attention,
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ื–ื” ืžืชื’ืžืœ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื›ื,
01:14
curbing your email fueled anxiety.
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ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืชื•ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื“ื•ืโ€œืœ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:18
Within your brain, positive experiences can trigger the release of dopamine,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ,
01:22
a neurotransmitter that mediates feelings of pleasure.
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ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืื”.
01:26
Dopamine is also a driver of neuroplasticity,
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ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื ื™ืข ืฉืœ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช,
01:30
meaning it can change how your neurons wire and fire.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื™ื.
01:34
Your brain builds connections that link the reward with the behavior,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช,
01:39
driving you to repeat it.
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ื•ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืชื›ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื•.
01:41
It also starts associating the behavior with other cues, like your environment.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœืจืžื–ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
01:46
Eventually, all it takes is the context of sitting at your desk
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื
01:50
to subconsciously trigger a nail-biting habitโ€”
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ื”ืจื’ืœ ื›ืกื™ืกืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื -
01:53
no stressful email or sense of relief required.
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ืœื ื“ื•ืโ€œืœ ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ ืื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืงืœื”.
01:57
Once established, these cue-behavior-reward loops work fast,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•, ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืจืžื–-ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช-ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:03
outpacing the decision-making process.
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ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
02:06
You may find yourself engaging in a habit
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ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื’ืœ
02:08
before you have the chance to notice and stop.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง.
02:11
But this can be a good thing because not all habits are bad.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืจืขื™ื.
02:15
Theyโ€™re stored memories of whatโ€™s worked in the past,
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
02:19
which allow you to take swift action in the present.
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”.
02:23
One study estimated that on average,
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
02:25
people spend more than 40% of their days performing regularly repeated behaviors
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -40% ืžื™ืžื™ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข
02:30
while their minds are occupied with other thoughts.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:33
A seemingly automated morning routine, for example,
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ืฉื’ืจืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืœืžืฉืœ,
02:36
saves you both time and precious mental energy.
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ื—ื•ืกื›ืช ืœื›ื ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื™ืงืจื”.
02:39
Still, many people have habits that no longer serve them.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืื•ืชื.
02:43
Yet research shows that intentions alone often fail
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช
02:47
to lead to long-term behavior change.
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ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
02:49
This isnโ€™t to say you canโ€™t break a habit.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ืœ.
02:52
Rather, by understanding the basis of habits,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื,
02:55
you can create better plans for changing them.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
02:59
For example, we know habits are often cued by environments and routines.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื’ืจื”.
03:04
Lying in bed may cause you to endlessly scroll through your phone,
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ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื’ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
03:08
or watching TV on the couch may lead you to grab a sugary snack.
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ืื• ืฉืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืชื›ื ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ืžืžื•ืชืง.
03:12
One of the most effective ways to manage behavior
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
03:15
is to identify these locations or times of day.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืื• ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื.
03:19
Then try to modify them by changing your routine
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ื•ืื– ื ืกื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื
03:22
or creating obstacles that make it more difficult to perform the habit
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ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ
03:26
in that space.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื.
03:27
Moving, switching jobs, or even starting a new schedule,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ืจื”, ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžืฉืจื•ืช, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื—ืœืช ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ,
03:31
are particularly great times to break a habit or build a new one.
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ื”ื ื–ืžื ื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:36
One 2005 study tracked university studentsโ€™ exercising,
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ืช 2005 ืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช,
03:40
reading, and TV watching habits before and after they transferred schools.
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ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ.
03:44
When students were no longer around old environments and routines,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื’ืจื” ื™ืฉื ื•ืช,
03:48
their habits, even the strong ones, significantly changed.
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ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
03:52
For behaviors like nail-biting or hair-pulling,
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ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ืกื™ืกืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืชืœื™ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขืจ,
03:55
a practice called habit reversal training can be helpful.
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ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืงืจื ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ.
03:59
Developed by psychologists in the 1970s,
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ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื,
04:02
the aim is to change a habit by replacing it with another one
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคืชื• ื‘ืื—ืจ
04:06
thatโ€™s less detrimental.
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ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืง.
04:08
The training requires you to analyze and understand your habit cues,
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ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืชื›ื ืœื ืชื— ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืจืžื–ื™ ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœื›ื,
04:12
so you can effectively intervene at the right times.
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
04:15
For example, if you tend to bite your nails at work,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืืชื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื›ืกื•ืก ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
04:18
preemptively keep a fidget toy at your desk.
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ืฉืžืจื• ืžืจืืฉ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืžืขืกื™ืง ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
04:21
Then, if a stressful email comes in,
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ื•ืื–, ืื ืžื’ื™ืข ื“ื•ืโ€œืœ ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ,
04:23
use the toy when you feel the urge to bite your nails.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื ื’ื•ืก ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื.
04:26
Breaking a habit takes time,
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ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ,
04:28
so remember to give yourself grace and have patience through the process.
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ืื– ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืชืช ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื—ืกื“ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
04:32
And while many focus on their bad habits,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:35
itโ€™s also worth celebrating the good ones
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
04:37
that help us move swiftly and successfully through our daily routines.
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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