Why is it so hard to break a bad habit?

783,872 views ใƒป 2023-08-31

TED-Ed


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

็ฟป่จณ: Wenfeng Xue ๆ กๆญฃ: Eiko Sato
00:07
Billions of people deal with a nail-biting habit at some point in their lives.
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ไฝ•ๅๅ„„ใ‚‚ใฎไบบใŒ ไธ€ๅบฆใฏ ็ˆชใ‚’ๅ™›ใ‚€็™–ใซๆ‚ฉใพใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
00:12
Many will go to great lengths to try to stop,
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ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚ˆใ†ใจ ๅคงๅค‰ๅŠชๅŠ›ใ—ใพใ™
00:14
employing strategies like rubbing chili peppers on their cuticles,
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ็ˆชใซๅ”่พ›ๅญใ‚’ๅก—ใฃใŸใ‚Š
00:17
wearing gloves all day, dipping their hands in salt,
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ไธ€ๆ—ฅไธญ ๆ‰‹่ข‹ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใŸใ‚Š ๆ‰‹ใซๅกฉใ‚’ๅก—ใฃใŸใ‚Š
00:20
and envisioning bacteria crawling on their fingers.
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็ˆชใ‚’้€™ใ†็ดฐ่Œใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™
00:25
And while not all of us are nail-biters,
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็ˆชใ‚’ๅ™›ใ‚€็™–ใ‚’ๆŒใŸใชใ„ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
00:27
most of us do have a habit we'd like to kick.
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่ชฐใงใ‚‚ ็›ดใ—ใŸใ„็™–ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:30
So what's the best way to break one?
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่พžใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใชใ‚“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:33
Scientists define habits as behaviors that are performed regularly,
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็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใŸใกใฏ ็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚’ๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹่กŒๅ‹•
00:37
and cued subconsciously in response to certain environments,
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ใใ—ใฆ ็‰นๅฎšใฎ็’ฐๅขƒใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็„ก่ญ˜ใฎๅๅฟœใจ ๅฎš็พฉใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:41
whether it be a location, time of day, or even an emotional state.
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ๅ ดๆ‰€ ๆ™‚้–“ ๆฐ—ๆŒใกใจ้–ขไฟ‚ใชใ
00:45
They can include simple actions like picking your hair when stressed,
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ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นๆ™‚ใซ้ซชใ‚’ๅผ•ใฃๅผตใ‚‹ใชใฉ็ฐกๅ˜ใช่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚„
00:48
but also more complex practices ingrained in daily routines,
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ๆ—ฅๅธธ็”Ÿๆดปใซๆ นไป˜ใ„ใŸ่ค‡้›‘ใช็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚‚ๅซใพใ‚Œใพใ™
00:53
like staying up late or brewing your coffee in the morning.
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ๅคœๆ›ดใ‹ใ—ใ‚„ ๆœ ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ๆทนใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใชใฉใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
00:56
If you do something frequently, without much deliberation,
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ไฝ•ใ‚‚่€ƒใˆใšใซ ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’้ ป็นใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚
01:00
then itโ€™s likely a habit.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ ใŠใใ‚‰ใ็™–ใงใ™
01:02
They form because at some point your brain learns that the behavior is beneficial.
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็™–ใฏ ่„ณใŒใใ‚ŒใŒๆœ‰็›Šใ ใจ ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใซๅฝขๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
01:08
Let's say after opening a stressful email, you bite your nails.
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒๆบœใพใ‚‹ใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚’้–‹ใ„ใŸๅพŒใซ ็ˆชใ‚’ๅ™›ใ‚€ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:11
This is rewarding, as itโ€™s enough to focus your attention,
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ใ“ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใฏ ๆ„่ญ˜ใ‚’้›†ไธญใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๅ ฑ้…ฌใงใ‚ใ‚Š
01:14
curbing your email fueled anxiety.
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ใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎไธๅฎ‰ใ‚’ๆŠ‘ใˆใพใ™
01:18
Within your brain, positive experiences can trigger the release of dopamine,
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ใƒใ‚ธใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใชไฝ“้จ“ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š่„ณๅ†…ใงใฏ ๅฟซใฎๆฐ—ๆŒใกใฎ็ฅž็ตŒไผ้”็‰ฉ่ณชใงใ‚ใ‚‹
01:22
a neurotransmitter that mediates feelings of pleasure.
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ใƒ‰ใƒผใƒ‘ใƒŸใƒณใฎๆ”พๅ‡บใŒ่ช˜็™บใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
01:26
Dopamine is also a driver of neuroplasticity,
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ใƒ‰ใƒผใƒ‘ใƒŸใƒณใฏ ็ฅž็ตŒๅฏๅก‘ๆ€งใฎ่ฆๅ› ใงใ‚ใ‚Š
01:30
meaning it can change how your neurons wire and fire.
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ใคใพใ‚Š ็ฅž็ตŒ็ดฐ่ƒžใฎ้…็ทšใ‚’ใ‹ใˆ ๆœ€้ฉๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
01:34
Your brain builds connections that link the reward with the behavior,
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่„ณใฏ ่กŒๅ‹•ใจๅ ฑ้…ฌใ‚’็ตใณใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ็ฅž็ตŒๅ›ž่ทฏใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ—
01:39
driving you to repeat it.
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่กŒๅ‹•ใฎ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใ‚’่ช˜ๅฐŽใ—ใพใ™
01:41
It also starts associating the behavior with other cues, like your environment.
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ใพใŸ ็’ฐๅขƒใชใฉไป–ใฎๆ‰‹ใŒใ‹ใ‚Šใจ็ตใณใคใ‘ใฆ
01:46
Eventually, all it takes is the context of sitting at your desk
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ๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใซ ๆœบใซๅบงใฃใฆใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใง
01:50
to subconsciously trigger a nail-biting habitโ€”
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็„ก่ญ˜็š„ใซ็ˆชใ‚’ๅ™›ใ‚€ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹
01:53
no stressful email or sense of relief required.
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ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚„ๅฎ‰ๅฟƒๆ„Ÿใ‚’ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใ‚‹่ฆ็ด ใŒใชใใฆใ‚‚
01:57
Once established, these cue-behavior-reward loops work fast,
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ไธ€ๅบฆ็ขบ็ซ‹ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจ ๆ‰‹ใŒใ‹ใ‚Š-่กŒๅ‹•-ๅ ฑ้…ฌใฎ ใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใฏ้žๅธธใซๆ—ฉใไฝœๅ‹•ใ—
02:03
outpacing the decision-making process.
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ๆ„ๆ€ๆฑบๅฎšใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๆ—ฉใใชใ‚Šใพใ™
02:06
You may find yourself engaging in a habit
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒ็™–ใซๆฐ—ใฅใ ใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ
02:08
before you have the chance to notice and stop.
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ใ‚‚ใ†็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใซๅพ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
02:11
But this can be a good thing because not all habits are bad.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ๅ…จใฆใฎ็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใŒๆ‚ชใ„ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใง ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ„ใ„ใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
02:15
Theyโ€™re stored memories of whatโ€™s worked in the past,
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็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใฏ ้ŽๅŽปใซใ†ใพใใงใใŸใ“ใจใฎ่จ˜ๆ†ถใงใ‚ใ‚Š
02:19
which allow you to take swift action in the present.
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ใใฎใŠใ‹ใ’ใง ็พๅœจใฏ่ฟ…้€Ÿใซ่กŒๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
02:23
One study estimated that on average,
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ใ‚ใ‚‹็ ”็ฉถใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š ไบบ้–“ใฏๅนณๅ‡๏ผ‘ๆ—ฅ๏ผ”ๅ‰ฒไปฅไธŠใฎๆ™‚้–“
02:25
people spend more than 40% of their days performing regularly repeated behaviors
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ๅŒใ˜่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ† ใ“ใจใŒ็คบๅ”†ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:30
while their minds are occupied with other thoughts.
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ใใ‚ŒใจๅŒๆ™‚ใซ ่„ณใฏไป–ใฎใ“ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:33
A seemingly automated morning routine, for example,
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ่‡ชๅ‹•ๅŒ–ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆœใฎใƒซใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใฏ
02:36
saves you both time and precious mental energy.
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ๆ™‚้–“ใจ่ฒด้‡ใช็ฒพ็ฅžใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใ‚’็ฏ€็ด„ใ—ใพใ™
02:39
Still, many people have habits that no longer serve them.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ ๅคšใใฎไบบใ€…ใฏ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใซๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใŸใชใ„็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:43
Yet research shows that intentions alone often fail
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ็ ”็ฉถใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจ ๆฐ—ๆŒใกใ ใ‘ใงใฏ
02:47
to lead to long-term behavior change.
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้•ทๆœŸ็š„ใซ็ถšใ„ใŸ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
02:49
This isnโ€™t to say you canโ€™t break a habit.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ็™–ใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจ ่จ€ใฃใฆใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
02:52
Rather, by understanding the basis of habits,
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ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚ ็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใฎๅŸบๆœฌใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ
02:55
you can create better plans for changing them.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„่จˆ็”ปใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
02:59
For example, we know habits are often cued by environments and routines.
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใŒใ—ใฐใ—ใฐ็’ฐๅขƒใ‚„ๆ—ฅๅธธใฎใƒซใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณ ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆไฟƒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:04
Lying in bed may cause you to endlessly scroll through your phone,
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ใƒ™ใƒƒใƒ‰ใซใฏใ„ใ‚‹ใจ ใ‚นใƒžใƒ›ใ‚’็„กๆ„่ญ˜ใซ ใ„ใ˜ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
03:08
or watching TV on the couch may lead you to grab a sugary snack.
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ใ‚ฝใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใงใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจ ็”˜ใ„ใŠ่“ๅญใ‚’ใคใ„ ใคใพใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
03:12
One of the most effective ways to manage behavior
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่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’็ฎก็†ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใฎ๏ผ‘ใคใฏ
03:15
is to identify these locations or times of day.
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่กŒๅ‹•ใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‚„็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ๅธฏใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
03:19
Then try to modify them by changing your routine
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ใใฎๅพŒ ็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ ใƒซใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใŸใ‚Š
03:22
or creating obstacles that make it more difficult to perform the habit
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ใใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใฎ็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚’่กŒใ„ใซใใใ™ใ‚‹ ้šœๅฎณ็‰ฉใ‚’่จญใ‘ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™
03:26
in that space.
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03:27
Moving, switching jobs, or even starting a new schedule,
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ๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ— ่ปข่ท ใพใŸใฏ ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ
03:31
are particularly great times to break a habit or build a new one.
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ๆ˜”ใฎ็™–ใ‚’็›ดใ— ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใซ ็‰นใซ่‰ฏใ„ๆฉŸไผšใงใ™
03:36
One 2005 study tracked university studentsโ€™ exercising,
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2005ๅนดใฎใ‚ใ‚‹็ ”็ฉถใฏ ๅคงๅญฆ็”Ÿใฎ่ปขๆ กๅ‰ใจๅพŒใฎ
03:40
reading, and TV watching habits before and after they transferred schools.
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้‹ๅ‹• ่ชญๆ›ธ ใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“่ฆ–่ดใฎ็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใชใฉใ‚’ ่ฟฝ่ทกใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
03:44
When students were no longer around old environments and routines,
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ๆ˜”ใฎ็’ฐๅขƒใจใƒซใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‹ใ‚‰้›ขใ‚ŒใŸๆ™‚ใซ
03:48
their habits, even the strong ones, significantly changed.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ็™–ใฏ ใŸใจใˆ ๅผทใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ ๅคงใใๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
03:52
For behaviors like nail-biting or hair-pulling,
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็ˆชใ‚’ๅ™›ใ‚€็™– ้ซชใฎๆฏ›ใ‚’ๅผ•ใฃๅผตใ‚‹็ฟ’ๆ€งใชใฉใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใฏ
03:55
a practice called habit reversal training can be helpful.
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็ฟ’ๆ…ฃๅ่ปขใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹็ทด็ฟ’ใŒ ๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
03:59
Developed by psychologists in the 1970s,
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1970ๅนดๅบฆใซ ๅฟƒ็†ๅญฆ่€…ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใง
04:02
the aim is to change a habit by replacing it with another one
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็™–ใ‚’ๅˆฅใฎๆœ‰ๅฎณๆ€งใฎๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซ ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ
04:06
thatโ€™s less detrimental.
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ใ“ใฎใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใงใ™
04:08
The training requires you to analyze and understand your habit cues,
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ใ“ใฎใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใฏ็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใฎๆ‰‹ใŒใ‹ใ‚Šใ‚’ๅˆ†ๆžใ— ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฟ…่ฆใง
04:12
so you can effectively intervene at the right times.
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ใใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ้ฉๅˆ‡ใชๆ™‚้–“ใซไป‹ๅ…ฅใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
04:15
For example, if you tend to bite your nails at work,
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไป•ไบ‹ใฎๆ™‚ใซ ็ˆชใ‚’ๅ™›ใ‚€ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
04:18
preemptively keep a fidget toy at your desk.
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ไบˆใ‚ใซ ๆœบใซใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚น่งฃๆถˆ็”จใฎใŠใ‚‚ใกใ‚ƒใ‚’ ็ฝฎใใจใ„ใ„ใงใ™
04:21
Then, if a stressful email comes in,
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ใใ—ใฆ ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใƒกใƒผใƒซใŒ ๆฅใŸๆ™‚ใซใ‚‚
04:23
use the toy when you feel the urge to bite your nails.
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ใŠใ‚‚ใกใ‚ƒใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ ็ˆชใ‚’ๅ™›ใฟใŸใ„ๆฐ—ๆŒใกใ‚’ ่งฃๆถˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
04:26
Breaking a habit takes time,
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็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚‹ใซใฏๆ™‚้–“ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™
04:28
so remember to give yourself grace and have patience through the process.
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใซๆ™‚้–“ใฎ็Œถไบˆใ‚’ไธŽใˆ ๅฟ่€ๅผทใ•ใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
04:32
And while many focus on their bad habits,
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ๅคšใใฎไบบใ€…ใฏๆ‚ชใ„็™–ใซๅŸท็€ใ—ใพใ™ใŒ
04:35
itโ€™s also worth celebrating the good ones
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่‰ฏใ„็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚’ ็ฅใ†ใฎใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
04:37
that help us move swiftly and successfully through our daily routines.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ ๆ—ฅๅธธใฎใƒซใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚’ ่ฟ…้€Ÿใ‹ใค็„กไบ‹ใซ่กŒใ‚ใ›ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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