Mysteries of vernacular: Jade - Jessica Oreck and Rachael Teel

36,169 views ใƒป 2013-07-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:13
Mysteries of vernacular:
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ืžืกืชืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™:
00:17
Jade,
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ื’'ื™ื™ื“ (ื™ืจืงืŸ),
00:18
a hard, typically green stone.
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ืื‘ืŸ ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืจื•ืงื”.
00:21
Until relatively recently,
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ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
00:23
gemstones were believed
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ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœืื‘ื ื™ ื—ืŸ
00:25
to have magical, medicinal properties,
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ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืงืกื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช,
00:27
and nothing was more effective
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ื•ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
00:29
at treating a kidney disorder than jade.
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ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื™ื” ืžื™ืจืงืŸ.
00:32
In the 16th century,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 16,
00:34
the Spanish returned from the New World
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ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
00:37
with the mineral in their cargo holds
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ืขื ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื”ื
00:39
and christened it, "piedra de la ijada,"
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืงื• ืืชื• ื›"ืคื™ืื“ืจื” ื“ื” ืœื” ืื™ื—ื“ื”,"
00:42
or loin stone.
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ืื• ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื.
00:44
It quickly became popular throughout Europe,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
00:47
both as a cure for internal ailments
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ื’ื ื›ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
00:50
and as a decorative ornament
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ื•ื›ืคืจื™ื˜ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™
00:52
and was renamed jade by the French,
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ื•ืฉืžื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’'ื™ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื,
00:55
a word that was borrowed by the English
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ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
00:57
and remains in use to this day.
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ื•ื ืฉืืจืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:00
In the 19th century,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19,
01:02
French mineralogists discovered
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ืžื™ื ืจื•ืœื•ื’ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื’ื™ืœื”
01:04
that jade was being used
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ืฉื™ืจืงืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
01:06
to describe two distinct minerals:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื:
01:08
jadeite, which takes its name from jade,
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ื’'ื“ื™ื™ื˜, ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืฉืžื• ืžื’'ื™ื™ื“,
01:12
and the more common nephrite,
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ื•ื”ื ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:14
the root of which is the Greek word nephros,
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ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœื” ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื ืคืจื•ืก,
01:18
meaning kidney.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” ื›ืœื™ื™ื”.
01:19
In addition to describing these two minerals,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:23
jade also has an English homonym.
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ืœื’'ื™ื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื™ืœื” ื–ื”ื” ืขื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
01:26
With roots that predate the popularity
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ืขื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช
01:28
of the lustral gemstone,
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ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืฉืงืช,
01:30
jade was used to refer to
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ื’'ื™ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก
01:32
either a disreputable woman
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ืื• ืœื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื•ืขื•ืช
01:34
or a broken-down horse.
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ืื• ืœืกื•ืก ืฉื—ื•ืง.
01:37
Thus, the word jaded, meaning worn out
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื’'ื™ื™ื“ื“, ืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉื—ื•ืง
01:40
or lacking enthusiasm,
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ืื• ื—ืกืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช,
01:42
has nothing to do with the gemstone,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืงืฉืจ ืœืื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ืŸ,
01:45
and instead, comes from the archaic,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื‘ืื” ืžื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื”
01:47
equine-related definition.
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ื”ืืจื›ืื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืกื•ืกื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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