The journey to Pluto, the farthest world ever explored - Alan Stern

3,157,958 views ใƒป 2018-05-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
On July 4, 2015,
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ื‘ 4 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, 2015,
00:09
a NASA spacecraft called New Horizons was 5 billion kilometers away from Earth.
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ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืืกื ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืก ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:16
It was only 10 days away from Pluto, after flying for 9.5 years,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 10 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืคืœื•ื˜ื•, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื˜ืกื” 9.5 ืฉื ื™ื,
00:21
when it suddenly dropped out of contact.
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ื›ืฉืคืชืื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืงืฉืจ.
00:25
But letโ€™s back up a little.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืžืขื˜.
00:27
As of 1989,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืž 1989,
00:29
mankind had successfully sent craft to every known planet in the solar system
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื—ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
00:34
except oneโ€”Pluto.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื—ืช -- ืคืœื•ื˜ื•.
00:36
You may have heard that astronomers donโ€™t consider Pluto
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืคืœื•ื˜ื•
00:39
or its brethren to be planets.
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ืื• ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื›ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
00:42
However, most planetary scientists still do,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ืš,
00:46
which is why we're using that terminology here.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืคื”.
00:49
Thereโ€™s a limited amount we can learn about Pluto from Earth
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:52
because itโ€™s so far from us.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
00:54
Pluto, however, is a scientific goldmine.
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ืคืœื•ื˜ื•, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืจื” ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื“ืขื™.
00:57
Itโ€™s located in a region called the Kuiper Belt,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืงืื™ืคืจ,
01:00
home to many small planets,
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ื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
01:02
hundreds of thousands of ancient icy objects,
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ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืงืคื•ืื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื,
01:06
and trillions of comets.
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ื•ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
01:08
This mysterious region holds clues to the formation of our solar system,
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ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:12
and it was long, tantalizingly beyond our reach.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื”.
01:16
Until New Horizons.
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ืขื“ ื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืก.
01:18
Its objectives: explore Pluto,
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื”: ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืคืœื•ื˜ื•,
01:20
collect as much scientific data as possible,
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ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ืขื™ ืจื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ,
01:23
transmit it back to Earth,
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ืœืฉื“ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:25
then explore farther out in the Kuiper Belt.
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ื•ืื– ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืงืื™ืคืจ.
01:29
To achieve this, the New Horizons team outfitted their craft
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื”, ืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืก ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช
01:33
with seven state-of-the-art scientific instruments.
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ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื—ื“ื™ืฉื™ื.
01:36
Those included Ralph,
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช Ralph,
01:37
a set of cameras powerful enough
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ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง
01:39
to capture features the size of city blocks in Manhattan
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ืง ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ
01:43
from tens of thousands of kilometers away.
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ืžืžืจื—ืง ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
01:46
And REX, designed to use radio waves
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ื• REX, ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื•
01:49
to measure Plutoโ€™s atmospheric pressure and temperature.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ื˜ื•.
01:53
All of the onboard equipment had to be built to be both reliable and lightweight
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ aืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ื ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืงืœ
01:59
because New Horizons had an additional challenge;
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ืืชื’ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ;
02:02
it had to reach its target as fast as possible.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
02:06
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
02:07
Around 2020, Pluto will reach a point in its orbit
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 2020, ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื•
02:11
where its atmosphere could freeze.
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ื‘ื” ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงืคื•ื.
02:14
And due to the tilt of its axis,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจื•,
02:16
more and more of Plutoโ€™s surface is shrouded in darkness every year.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืฉืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื˜ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
02:21
Pluto completes a full orbit once every 248 Earth years,
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ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืžืฉืœื™ื ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœืžื” ื›ืœ 248 ืฉื ื•ืช ืืจืฅ,
02:27
so it would be a long wait for the next prime opportunity to visit.
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ืื– ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ.
02:32
To see how New Horizons got to Pluto in time,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืก ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
02:35
letโ€™s jump to its launch.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืงืคื•ืฅ ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”.
02:37
Its three rocket stages accelerated New Horizons to such great speeds
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืจืงื˜ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ืื™ืฆื• ืืช ื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืก ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
02:42
that it crossed the 400,000 kilometers to the moon in just nine hours.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฆืชื” ืืช 400,000 ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœื™ืจื— ืชื•ืš ืชืฉืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
02:47
About a year later, the craft reached Jupiter
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฆื“ืง
02:51
and got whatโ€™s called a gravity assist.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™.
02:54
Thatโ€™s where it flies close enough to the gas giant
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืขืคื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืขื ืง ื”ื’ื–
02:56
to receive a gravitational slingshot effect.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืคืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืงืœืข ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™.
03:00
New Horizons was then flying at around 50,000 kilometers per hour,
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ื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืก ื˜ืกื” ืื– ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื› 50,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื”,
03:05
as it would for the next eight years to cross the remaining gulf to Pluto.
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ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืœื•ื˜ื•.
03:10
Going at such an astonishing speed
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ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
03:13
meant that slowing down to get into orbit or land
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ืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉืœื”ืื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืื• ืœื ื—ื•ืช
03:17
wouldโ€™ve been impossible.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
03:19
Thatโ€™s why New Horizons was on a flyby mission,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืก ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืžืขื•ืฃ,
03:22
where it would get just one chance to scream by Pluto and make its observations.
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ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืจืง ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
03:27
The flyby would have to be fully automated,
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ื”ืžืขื•ืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
03:29
since at that distance, any signals to guide it from Earth
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื›ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
03:33
would take 4.5 hours to reach it.
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ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ 4.5 ืฉืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”.
03:36
So the team loaded the shipโ€™s computer with a series of thousands of commands,
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ืื– ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช,
03:40
called the core load,
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ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื”,
03:42
that would begin to execute when the craft was 6.5 days from Pluto.
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ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 6.5 ื™ืžื™ื ืžืคืœื•ื˜ื•.
03:47
But when New Horizons was just ten days out,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืก ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื,
03:50
disaster almost struck.
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ืืกื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื’ืข.
03:53
Ground control lost contact with the spacecraft.
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ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช.
03:55
After two nerve-wracking hours, New Horizons came back online,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืก ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชืงืฉืจ,
04:00
but mission control discovered that its main computer had rebooted,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืื™ืชื—ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
04:04
losing the entire core load and other critical data.
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ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืื—ืจ.
04:09
Without that, it would soon whizz by Pluto
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ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•, ื”ื™ื ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœื™ื“ ืคืœื•ื˜ื•
04:12
with virtually nothing to show for the mission.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
04:14
Alice Bowman, the missionโ€™s Operations Manager,
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ืืœื™ืก ื‘ื•ืื•ืžืŸ, ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”,
04:18
led a team for 72 sleepless hours to get the instructions
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ 72 ืฉืขื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
04:23
loaded back into New Horizons in time.
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ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืก ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
04:26
Without room for a single error, she and her team pulled it off,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืื—ืช, ื”ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•,
04:31
and New Horizons began taking and broadcasting breathtaking images.
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ื•ื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืก ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฆืœื ื•ืœืฉื“ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
04:35
Those observations have revealed a delightfully varied world,
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ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื’ื™ืœื• ืขื•ืœื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“,
04:39
with ground fogs,
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ืขื ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข,
04:41
high altitude hazes,
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ืื•ื‘ืš ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘,
04:42
possible clouds,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืขื ื ื™ื,
04:44
canyons,
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ืงื ื™ื•ื ื™ื,
04:45
towering mountains,
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ื”ืจื™ื ืžืชื ืฉืื™ื,
04:46
faults,
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ืฉื‘ืจื™ื,
04:47
craters,
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ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื,
04:48
polar caps,
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ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
04:49
glaciers,
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ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื,
04:50
apparent dune fields,
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ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืžื” ื›ืฉื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
04:52
suspected ice volcanoes,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื“ื™ื ื›ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
04:54
evidence for past flowing liquids,
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ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
04:57
and more.
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ื•ืขื•ื“.
04:59
One of the most exciting discoveries
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:00
is the 1000-kilometer-wide Sputnik Planitia glacier.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง ืคืœื ื™ื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ 1000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
05:05
Sputnik Planitia is mainly composed of slowly churning frozen nitrogen,
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ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง ืคืœื ื™ื˜ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื—ื ืงืŸ ืงืคื•ื ืฉื ื“ื—ืก ืœืื™ื˜ื•,
05:11
and weโ€™ve never seen anything like it in our solar system.
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
05:16
The exploration of Pluto was a great success,
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ื—ืงืจ ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื“ื™ืจื”,
05:18
but New Horizons isnโ€™t done yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ืžืฉื™ืžืชื”.
05:21
On January 1, 2019,
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ื‘ 1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, 2019,
05:24
itโ€™ll break its own record for furthest explored object
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ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืœืขืฆื ื”ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:28
when it visits a Kuiper Belt Object called 2014 MU69,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืงืื™ืคืจ ืฉื ืงืจื 2014 MU69,
05:34
which is orbiting the sun another billion kilometers farther away than Pluto.
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ืฉื—ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืคืœื•ื˜ื•.
05:39
The world is holding its breath to see what itโ€™ll find there.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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