How tall can a tree grow? - Valentin Hammoudi

1,324,888 views ใƒป 2019-03-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
Reaching heights of over 100 meters,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 100 ืžื˜ืจ,
00:10
Californian sequoias tower over Earthโ€™s other estimated 60,000 tree species.
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ื”ืกืงื•ื™ื” ืžืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืžืชื ืฉืืช ืžืขืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 60,000 ืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:16
Growing in the misty Sierra Nevada mountains,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ ืกื™ื™ืจื” ื ื‘ืื“ื” ื”ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ื™ื,
00:19
their massive trunks support the tallest known trees in the world.
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ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:23
But even these behemoths seem to have their limits.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
00:27
No sequoia on record has been able to grow taller than 130 meters โ€“
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ืืฃ ืกืงื•ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 130 ืžื˜ืจ --
00:32
and many researchers say these trees wonโ€™t beat that cap
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
00:36
even if they live for thousands of years to come.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ื™ื—ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:39
So what exactly is stopping these trees from growing taller, forever?
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ืื– ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืขื“?
00:43
It all comes down to sap.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืจืฃ.
00:46
In order for trees to grow,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ื™ื’ื“ืœื•,
00:47
they need to bring sugars obtained from photosynthesis
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื›ืจ ืฉืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”
00:50
and nutrients brought in through the root system to wherever growth is happening.
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ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช.
00:55
And just like blood circulates in the human body,
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื,
00:58
trees are designed to circulate two kinds of sap throughout their bodies โ€“
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ืขืฆื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฃ ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื,
01:02
carrying all the substances a treeโ€™s cells need to live.
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ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
01:06
The first is phloem sap.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืคื”.
01:09
Containing the sugars generated in leaves during photosynthesis,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”,
01:12
phloem sap is thick, like honey,
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ืฉืจืฃ ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืกืžื™ืš, ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ืฉ,
01:15
and flows down the plantโ€™s phloem tissue to distribute sugar throughout the tree.
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ื•ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ืจืงืžืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืฅ.
01:20
By the end of its journey,
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืกืข,
01:21
the phloem sap has thinned into a watery substance,
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ืฉืจืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืคื” ืžื“ื•ืœืœ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื™ืžื™,
01:25
pooling at the base of the tree.
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ื•ื ืื’ืจ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขืฅ.
01:27
Right beside the phloem is the treeโ€™s other tissue type: the xylem.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฅ: ืขืฆื”.
01:31
This tissue is packed with nutrients and ions like calcium, potassium, and iron,
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ื”ืจืงืžื” ืžืœืื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื“ืŸ, ืืฉืœื’ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ,
01:37
which the tree has absorbed through its roots.
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ืฉื”ืขืฅ ืกืคื’ ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื•.
01:40
Here at the treeโ€™s base,
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ืคื” ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขืฅ,
01:41
there are more of these particles in one tissue than the other,
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืจืงืžื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืื—ืจืช,
01:44
so the water from the phloem sap is absorbed into the xylem
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ืื– ื”ืžื™ื ืžืฉืจืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืคื” ื ืกืคื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื”
01:48
to correct the balance.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ.
01:50
This process, called osmotic movement,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”, ื ืงืจื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื•ืกืžื•ื˜ื™ืช,
01:53
creates nutrient-rich xylem sap,
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืจืฃ ืขืฆื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื,
01:56
which will then travel up the trunk to spread those nutrients through the tree.
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ืฉืื– ื™ื ื•ืข ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื’ื–ืข ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืฅ.
02:00
But this journey faces a formidable obstacle: gravity.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ: ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
02:04
To accomplish this herculean task, the xylem relies on three forces:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื”ืจืงื•ืœื™ืื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืขืฆื” ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•:
02:09
transpiration, capillary action, and root pressure.
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ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืคืขื•ืœื” ืงืคื™ืœืจื™ืช, ื•ืœื—ืฅ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื.
02:13
As part of photosynthesis, leaves open and close pores called stomata.
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”, ืขืœื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืคื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:19
These openings allow oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the leaf,
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ื”ืคืชื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ื•ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืขืœื”,
02:23
but they also create an opening through which water evaporates.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืชื— ื“ืจื›ื• ืžื™ื ืžืชืื“ื™ื.
02:28
This evaporation, called transpiration,
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ื”ืื™ื“ื•ื™, ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ื™ื•ืช,
02:30
creates negative pressure in the xylem, pulling watery xylem sap up the tree.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืขืฆื”, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืฉืจืฃ ืขืฆื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืขืฅ.
02:36
This pull is aided by a fundamental property of water called capillary action.
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ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืงืคื™ืœืจื™ืช.
02:42
In narrow tubes,
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ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืช,
02:43
the attraction between water molecules
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ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื
02:45
and the adhesive forces between the water and its environment can beat out gravity.
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
02:50
This capillary motion is in full effect in xylem filaments
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงืคื™ืœืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืื” ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืฆื”
02:54
thinner than human hair.
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ืฉื“ืงื™ื ืžืฉืขืจืช ืื“ื.
02:56
And where these two forces pull the sap,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจืฃ,
02:59
the osmotic movement at the treeโ€™s base creates root pressure,
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืื•ืกืžื•ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื,
03:03
pushing fresh xylem sap up the trunk.
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ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืฉืจืฃ ืขืฆื” ื˜ืจื™ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื’ื–ืข.
03:06
Together these forces launch sap to dizzying heights,
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ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืฉืจืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ืกื—ืจื—ื•ืจืช,
03:09
distributing nutrients, and growing new leaves to photosynthesize โ€“
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ืฉืžืคื–ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืžื’ื“ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื” --
03:13
far above the treeโ€™s roots.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
03:15
But despite these sophisticated systems,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:18
every centimeter is a fight against gravity.
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ื›ืœ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
03:21
As trees grow taller and taller,
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ื›ืฉืขืฆื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:23
the supply of these vital fluids begins to dwindle.
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ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชื“ืœื“ืœ.
03:26
At a certain height,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
03:27
trees can no longer afford the lost water that evaporates during photosynthesis.
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ืขืฆื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืื‘ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื ืฉืžืชืื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”.
03:33
And without the photosynthesis needed to support additional growth,
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช,
03:36
the tree instead turns its resources towards existing branches.
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ื”ืขืฅ ืžืคื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื ืคื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
03:41
This model, known as the โ€œhydraulic limitation hypothesis,โ€
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›"ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจืื•ืœื™ืช,"
03:45
is currently our best explanation for why trees have limited heights,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืขืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื•ื‘ื”,
03:49
even in perfect growing conditions.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื.
03:51
And using this model alongside growth rates
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ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงืฆื‘ื™ ื’ื“ื™ืœื”
03:54
and known needs for nutrients and photosynthesis,
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ื•ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”,
03:57
researchers have been able to propose height limits for specific species.
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
04:01
So far these limits have held up โ€“
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ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืขืžื“ -
04:03
even the worldโ€™s tallest tree still falls about fifteen meters below the cap.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘- 15 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:08
Researchers are still investigating the possible explanations for this limit,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:12
and there may not be one universal reason why trees stop growing.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืื—ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
04:16
But until we learn more,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื ื—ืงื•ืจ ืขื•ื“,
04:18
the height of trees is yet another way that gravity,
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ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
04:21
literally, shapes life on Earth.
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ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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