How tall can a tree grow? - Valentin Hammoudi

1,336,208 views ใƒป 2019-03-14

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Soyun Cho ๊ฒ€ํ† : Minjeong Lee
00:07
Reaching heights of over 100 meters,
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100m ์ด์ƒ ์ž๋ผ๋Š”,
00:10
Californian sequoias tower over Earthโ€™s other estimated 60,000 tree species.
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์„ธ์ฟผ์ด์•„๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ 6๋งŒ์—ฌ ์ข…์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
Growing in the misty Sierra Nevada mountains,
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์•ˆ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์ž์šฑํ•œ ์‹œ์—๋ผ ๋„ค๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์—์„œ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”,
00:19
their massive trunks support the tallest known trees in the world.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์ด ์ง€ํƒฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
But even these behemoths seem to have their limits.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ชฉ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
No sequoia on record has been able to grow taller than 130 meters โ€“
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๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ 130m ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์„ธ์ฟผ์ด์•„๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
and many researchers say these trees wonโ€™t beat that cap
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๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๊นจ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
even if they live for thousands of years to come.
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ 1000๋…„์„ ๋” ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
So what exactly is stopping these trees from growing taller, forever?
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์™œ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋“ค์ด ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋Š”๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
00:43
It all comes down to sap.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์ˆ˜์•ก ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
In order for trees to grow,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”,
00:47
they need to bring sugars obtained from photosynthesis
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น๊ณผ
00:50
and nutrients brought in through the root system to wherever growth is happening.
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
And just like blood circulates in the human body,
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด,
00:58
trees are designed to circulate two kinds of sap throughout their bodies โ€“
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2์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์•ก์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ
01:02
carrying all the substances a treeโ€™s cells need to live.
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์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
The first is phloem sap.
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฒด๊ด€๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์•ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
Containing the sugars generated in leaves during photosynthesis,
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ,
01:12
phloem sap is thick, like honey,
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๊ฟ€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฑธ์ญ‰ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์•ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
and flows down the plantโ€™s phloem tissue to distribute sugar throughout the tree.
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์ด ์ˆ˜์•ก์€ ์ฒด๊ด€๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ํฌ๋„๋‹น์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
By the end of its journey,
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋๋‚ ์ฏค์—๋Š”,
01:21
the phloem sap has thinned into a watery substance,
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์ฒด๊ด€๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์•ก์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋†๋„๋กœ ๋ฌฝ์–ด์ ธ์„œ,
01:25
pooling at the base of the tree.
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๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ฐ‘๋™์— ๊ณ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
Right beside the phloem is the treeโ€™s other tissue type: the xylem.
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์ฒด๊ด€๋ถ€์™€ ๋งž๋‹ฟ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์กฐ์ง์€ ๋ชฉ์งˆ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
This tissue is packed with nutrients and ions like calcium, potassium, and iron,
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์ด ์กฐ์ง์€ ์นผ์Š˜๊ณผ ์นผ๋ฅจ, ์ฒ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์–‘์†Œ์™€ ์ด์˜จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
which the tree has absorbed through its roots.
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
Here at the treeโ€™s base,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๋ฐ‘๋™์—์„œ,
01:41
there are more of these particles in one tissue than the other,
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์กฐ์ง ๊ฐ„ ์ž…์ž์˜ ์–‘์ด ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
01:44
so the water from the phloem sap is absorbed into the xylem
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์ฒด๊ด€๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์•ก์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์ด ๋ชฉ์งˆ๋ถ€๋กœ ํก์ˆ˜๋˜์–ด
01:48
to correct the balance.
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๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
This process, called osmotic movement,
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์‚ผํˆฌ์•• ์ด๋™ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์€
01:53
creates nutrient-rich xylem sap,
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์˜์–‘๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋ฌผ๊ด€๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์•ก์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
which will then travel up the trunk to spread those nutrients through the tree.
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์ดํ›„ ์œ„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
But this journey faces a formidable obstacle: gravity.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐ„์„ญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
To accomplish this herculean task, the xylem relies on three forces:
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์ด ๋‚œ๊ด€์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ๋ฌผ๊ด€์€ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
transpiration, capillary action, and root pressure.
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์ฆ์‚ฐ ์ž‘์šฉ, ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทผ์••์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
As part of photosynthesis, leaves open and close pores called stomata.
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์„ ์—ฌ๋‹ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
These openings allow oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the leaf,
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์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žŽ ์•ˆํŒŽ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋‚˜๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
but they also create an opening through which water evaporates.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์ด ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
This evaporation, called transpiration,
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์ฆ์‚ฐ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ฆ๋ฐœ ํ˜„์ƒ์€,
02:30
creates negative pressure in the xylem, pulling watery xylem sap up the tree.
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๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ์Œ์••์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๊ด€๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์•ก์„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์œ„๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹น๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
This pull is aided by a fundamental property of water called capillary action.
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๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ธ ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ด ์ด๋™์„ ๋•์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
In narrow tubes,
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์ข์€ ๊ด€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ,
02:43
the attraction between water molecules
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๋ฌผ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ,
02:45
and the adhesive forces between the water and its environment can beat out gravity.
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๋ฌผ์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์œ„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
This capillary motion is in full effect in xylem filaments
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๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ๋ณด๋‹ค ์–‡์€ ๋ฌผ๊ด€ ์ค„๊ธฐ์—์„œ
02:54
thinner than human hair.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
And where these two forces pull the sap,
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์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํž˜์ด ์ˆ˜์•ก์„ ๋‹น๊ธธ ๋•Œ,
02:59
the osmotic movement at the treeโ€™s base creates root pressure,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ฐ‘๋™์˜ ์‚ผํˆฌ์•• ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ทผ์••์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ,
03:03
pushing fresh xylem sap up the trunk.
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์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ด€๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์•ก์„ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์œ„๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
Together these forces launch sap to dizzying heights,
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์ด ํž˜์ด ํ•ฉ์ณ์ ธ์„œ ์ˆ˜์•ก์„ ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์˜ฌ๋ ค์„œ,
03:09
distributing nutrients, and growing new leaves to photosynthesize โ€“
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์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํ•  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žŽ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
far above the treeโ€™s roots.
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๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’์€ ์œ„์น˜์ฃ .
03:15
But despite these sophisticated systems,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์—๋„,
03:18
every centimeter is a fight against gravity.
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๋งค 1cm์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๋Š˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ธ์›€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
As trees grow taller and taller,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’์ด ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ,
03:23
the supply of these vital fluids begins to dwindle.
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์ƒ๋ช…์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์•ก์ฒด์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
At a certain height,
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋†’์ด์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด,
03:27
trees can no longer afford the lost water that evaporates during photosynthesis.
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๋”๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
And without the photosynthesis needed to support additional growth,
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์ดํ›„์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:36
the tree instead turns its resources towards existing branches.
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๋Œ€์‹  ๊ทธ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
This model, known as the โ€œhydraulic limitation hypothesis,โ€
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'์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ์ œํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค'๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€
03:45
is currently our best explanation for why trees have limited heights,
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ํ•œ๊ณ„์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
even in perfect growing conditions.
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์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ฐจ์š”.
03:51
And using this model alongside growth rates
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์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
03:54
and known needs for nutrients and photosynthesis,
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์–‘๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ง€์‹์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ,
03:57
researchers have been able to propose height limits for specific species.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ • ๊ณผ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
So far these limits have held up โ€“
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์˜ณ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
even the worldโ€™s tallest tree still falls about fifteen meters below the cap.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์กฐ์ฐจ
์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋†’์ด๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” 15m ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
Researchers are still investigating the possible explanations for this limit,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ์ด ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ํƒ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
and there may not be one universal reason why trees stop growing.
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ค‘์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
But until we learn more,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”,
04:18
the height of trees is yet another way that gravity,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด,
04:21
literally, shapes life on Earth.
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ, ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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