What happens when your DNA is damaged? - Monica Menesini

2,532,502 views ใƒป 2015-09-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
The DNA in just one of your cells
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ื” DNA ืจืง ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืื™ื
00:08
gets damaged tens of thousands of times per day.
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ื ืคื’ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
00:12
Multiply that by your body's hundred trillion or so cells,
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ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื,
00:16
and you've got a quintillion DNA errors everyday.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื.
00:21
And because DNA provides the blueprint
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื” DNA ืžืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
00:23
for the proteins your cells need to function,
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ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคืงื“,
00:26
damage causes serious problems, such as cancer.
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ื”ื ื–ืง ื’ื•ืจื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
00:30
The errors come in different forms.
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ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
00:32
Sometimes nucleotides, DNA's building blocks, get damaged,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ื•ืงืœื•ืื˜ื™ื“ื™ื, ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื” DNA, ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื,
00:37
other times nucleotides get matched up incorrectly,
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ื‘ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:41
causing mutations,
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช,
00:43
and nicks in one or both strands can interfere with DNA replication,
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ื•ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื ืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื” DNA,
00:48
or even cause sections of DNA to get mixed up.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืœ DNA ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘.
00:52
Fortunately, your cells have ways of fixing most of these problems
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
00:56
most of the time.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:58
These repair pathways all rely on specialized enzymes.
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ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื.
01:01
Different ones respond to different types of damage.
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ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง.
01:05
One common error is base mismatches.
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ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ ื”ืชืืžืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื.
01:07
Each nucleotide contains a base,
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ื›ืœ ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก,
01:10
and during DNA replication,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœ ื” DNA,
01:12
the enzyme DNA polymerase is supposed to bring in the right partner
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ืื ื–ื™ื ื” DNA ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื– ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
01:16
to pair with every base on each template strand.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช.
01:20
Adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine.
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ืื“ื ื™ืŸ ืขื ืชื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื’ื•ืื ื™ืŸ ืขื ืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ.
01:24
But about once every hundred thousand additions,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคืขื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
01:27
it makes a mistake.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื˜ืขื•ืช.
01:28
The enzyme catches most of these right away,
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ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ืชื•ืคืก ืืช ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“,
01:31
and cuts off a few nucleotides and replaces them with the correct ones.
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ื•ื—ื•ืชืš ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
01:35
And just in case it missed a few,
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ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืกืคืก ื›ืžื”,
01:37
a second set of proteins comes behind it to check.
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ืกื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืื—ืจื™ื• ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.
01:41
If they find a mismatch,
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ืื ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื™ ื”ืชืืžื”,
01:42
they cut out the incorrect nucleotide and replace it.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
01:46
This is called mismatch repair.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื™ ื”ืชืืžื”.
01:48
Together, these two systems reduce the number of base mismatch errors
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ื™ื—ื“, ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื
01:52
to about one in one billion.
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ืœื‘ืขืจืš ืื—ื“ ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
01:55
But DNA can get damaged after replication, too.
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ืื‘ืœ DNA ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื–ืง ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ.
01:59
Lots of different molecules can cause chemical changes to nucleotides.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื.
02:02
Some of these come from environmental exposure,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
02:06
like certain compounds in tobacco smoke.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืžื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืŸ ื˜ื‘ืง.
02:09
But others are molecules that are found in cells naturally,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
02:12
like hydrogen peroxide.
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ื›ืžื• ืžื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
02:14
Certain chemical changes are so common
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื
02:17
that they have specific enzymes assigned to reverse the damage.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง.
02:21
But the cell also has more general repair pathways.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืชื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช.
02:24
If just one base is damaged,
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ืื ืจืง ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื—ื“ ื ื™ื–ื•ืง,
02:27
it can usually be fixed by a process called base excision repair.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข.
02:32
One enzyme snips out the damaged base,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืชืš ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคื’ื•ืข,
02:34
and other enzymes come in to trim around the site and replace the nucleotides.
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ื•ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืืชืจ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื.
02:40
UV light can cause damage that's a little harder to fix.
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ืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืง ืฉืžืขื˜ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงืŸ.
02:45
Sometimes, it causes two adjacent nucleotides to stick together,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง,
02:49
distorting the DNA's double helix shape.
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ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื” DNA.
02:52
Damage like this requires a more complex process
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ื ื–ืง ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
02:55
called nucleotide excision repair.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™.
02:58
A team of proteins removes a long strand of 24 or so nucleotides,
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ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ืจ ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 24 ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื,
03:04
and replaces them with fresh ones.
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ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:06
Very high frequency radiation, like gamma rays and x-rays,
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ืงืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืงืจื™ื ืช ื’ืืžื” ื•X,
03:10
cause a different kind of damage.
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ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง.
03:13
They can actually sever one or both strands of the DNA backbone.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืื—ื“ ืื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื” DNA.
03:18
Double strand breaks are the most dangerous.
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ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
03:21
Even one can cause cell death.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื.
03:24
The two most common pathways for repairing double strand breaks
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ
03:27
are called homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining.
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ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื ื™ ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื ื™.
03:33
Homologous recombination uses an undamaged section of similar DNA as a template.
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ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืœื ืคื’ื•ื ืฉืœ DNA ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืชื‘ื ื™ืช.
03:39
Enzymes interlace the damaged and undamgaed strands,
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ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื™ื,
03:43
get them to exchange sequences of nucleotides,
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื—ืœื™ืฃ ืจืฆืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื,
03:46
and finally fill in the missing gaps
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจื™ื
03:49
to end up with two complete double-stranded segments.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื™ ืงื˜ืขื™ ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื.
03:53
Non-homologous end joining, on the other hand,
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ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
03:55
doesn't rely on a template.
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ืœื ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช.
03:58
Instead, a series of proteins trims off a few nucleotides
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื
04:02
and then fuses the broken ends back together.
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ื•ืื– ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื™ื—ื“.
04:06
This process isn't as accurate.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
04:08
It can cause genes to get mixed up, or moved around.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื’ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ืื• ืœื ื•ืข ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
04:12
But it's useful when sister DNA isn't available.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื›ืฉ DNA ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื–ืžื™ืŸ.
04:16
Of course, changes to DNA aren't always bad.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœ DNA ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืขื™ื.
04:20
Beneficial mutations can allow a species to evolve.
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ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
04:23
But most of the time, we want DNA to stay the same.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื” DNA ื™ืฉืืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:27
Defects in DNA repair are associated with premature aging
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ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื” DNA ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช
04:31
and many kinds of cancer.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
04:34
So if you're looking for a fountain of youth,
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ืื ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื,
04:36
it's already operating in your cells,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
04:39
billions and billions of times a day.
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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