Artemisia Gentileschi: The woman behind the paintings - Allison Leigh

510,460 views ใƒป 2022-06-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
A woman enters an enemy army camp.
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ืื™ืฉื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื•ื™ื‘.
00:11
When the watchmen stop her,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”,
00:12
she says sheโ€™s willing to tell her peopleโ€™s secrets to the ranking general.
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื” ืœื’ื ืจืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ.
00:18
But she isnโ€™t actually a traitor.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื•ื’ื“ืช.
00:21
On her fourth day under the generalโ€™s protection,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืชื—ืช ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื’ื ืจืœ,
00:24
she waits for him to get drunk and beheads him,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื›ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืชื›ืจ ื•ืขื•ืจืคืช ืืช ืจืืฉื•,
00:28
saving her people from his tyranny.
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ื•ืžืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ืื ืฉื™ื” ืžืขืจื™ืฆื•ืชื•.
00:32
This is the biblical story of how the heroine Judith
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ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช
00:35
slays the brutal Holofernes.
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ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืœื•ืคืจื ืก ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™.
00:38
It features in countless works of art, including the Sistine Chapel.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืงืคืœื” ื”ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.
00:42
But the most iconic depiction of all was painted by an artist
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืžื›ืœ, ืฆื•ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื ื™ืช
00:47
who tackled this ambitious scene when she was just 19 years old.
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ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืกืฆื ื” ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื‘ืช 19.
00:52
Her name was Artemisia Gentileschi,
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ืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื” ื’โ€™ื ื˜ื™ืœืกืงื™,
00:56
though many scholars refer to her simply as Artemisia, like other Italian masters.
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ืื ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื›ืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืžืืกื˜ืจื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:03
So who was Artemisia, and what sets her depiction apart from the rest?
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ืื– ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื”, ื•ืžื” ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ?
01:10
Artemisia received her artistic training from her father Orazio Gentileschi.
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ืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืื‘ื™ื” ืื•ืจืฆื™ื• ื’โ€™ื ื˜ื™ืœืกืงื™.
01:16
He tutored her in the dramatic new style of painting pioneered
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ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืกืœืœ
01:21
by the artist Caravaggio.
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ื”ืืžืŸ ืงืจื•ื•ืื’โ€™ื™ื•.
01:23
This style, called the Baroque, built upon earlier Renaissance traditions.
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ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ื ืงืจื ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง, ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื ืกื ืก ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช.
01:29
While Renaissance artists had focused on imitating the classical Greeks,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืžื ื™ ื”ืจื ืกื ืก ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื,
01:33
depicting moments of calmness or poise amidst intensity,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื’ืข ืื• ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื•ืฆืžื”,
01:38
Baroque artists emphasized the climactic moment of a story with dynamic action.
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ืืžื ื™ ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ืจื’ืข ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช.
01:45
Baroque works also dial up the drama through composition
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ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง ื’ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”
01:48
and extreme contrasts of light and dark, called chiaroscuro or tenebrism.
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ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืš, ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืงื™ืืจื•ืกืงื•ืจื• ืื• ื˜ื ื‘ืจื™ื–ื.
01:55
Taken together, the effect is a more direct emotional appeal to viewers.
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื•ื ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื•ืคื™ื.
02:02
Though Artemisia drew from Caravaggioโ€™s style,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื” ืฆื™ื™ืจื” ืžื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืืจืื•ื•ื’โ€™ื™ื•,
02:05
by many accounts,
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ืœืคื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
02:06
her rendering outmatched the older masterโ€™s depiction of the same story.
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ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœื” ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
02:12
Like Artemisia, Caravaggio focused on the moment of the beheading,
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ื›ืžื• ืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื”, ืงืืจืื•ื•ื’โ€™ื™ื• ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืขืจื™ืคืช ื”ืจืืฉ,
02:17
dramatically contrasting light and dark and emphasizing the gore.
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ืžื ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืš ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื”.
02:23
But his painting lacks the visceral impact of Artemisiaโ€™s.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื—ืกืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื”.
02:27
Where Caravaggioโ€™s heroine keeps her distance from the bloody act,
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืืจืื•ื•ื’โ€™ื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœื” ืžื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื“ืžื,
02:32
Artemisiaโ€™s Judith pushed up her sleeves and wedged her knee on the bed
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ื’โ€™ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื” ื”ืคืฉื™ืœื” ืืช ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื” ื•ืชืงืขื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืจืš ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื”
02:37
to counter Holofernesโ€™ resistance.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื•ืคืจื ืก.
02:40
Her body has a heft that makes the action believable,
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ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื” ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืืžื™ื ื”,
02:44
and the viscous streams of blood soaking the sheets are highly naturalistic.
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ื•ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืกืคื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
02:49
The blood spraying from the severed artery in Caravaggioโ€™s
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ื”ื“ื ื”ื ื™ืชื– ืžื”ืขื•ืจืง ื”ืงื˜ื•ืข ืืฆืœ ืงืืจืื•ื•ื’โ€™ื™ื•
02:52
looks stilted and artificial by comparison.
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ื ืจืื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื•ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”.
02:57
And yet this isn't even her most celebrated painting of the scene.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืฆื ื”.
03:02
She finished this painting in 1613,
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1613,
03:05
shortly after marrying and moving to Florence,
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ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ืจื ืฆื”,
03:08
where she found professional success
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช
03:10
following a very difficult period in her life.
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”.
03:14
In 1611, a colleague of her fatherโ€™s, Agostino Tassi,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1611, ืขืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”, ืื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื• ื˜ืืกื™,
03:19
nicknamed โ€œlo Smargiasso,โ€ or โ€œthe bully,โ€ raped her.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” โ€œืœื• ืกืžืจื’ื™ืืกื•โ€œ, ืื• โ€œื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸโ€œ, ืื ืก ืื•ืชื”.
03:25
When Artemisia told her father,
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ื›ืฉืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื” ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœืื‘ื™ื”,
03:28
he filed charges for the crime of โ€œforcible violation of a virginโ€โ€”
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืฉืข โ€œื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื•ืœื”โ€ โ€“
03:33
a designation that meant Tassi had damaged Orazioโ€™s property.
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ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื˜ืืกื™ ืคื’ืข ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืฆื™ื•.
03:38
Rape laws centered almost entirely on young women's bodies
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ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืื•ื ืก ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช
03:42
as commodities owned by their fathers.
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ื›ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
03:45
Tassiโ€™s trial lasted for seven months,
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ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืืกื™ ื ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
03:48
during which Artemisia was subjected to interrogation
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ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื” ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืœื—ืงื™ืจื”
03:52
and torture with thumbscrews as she testified against him.
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ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื’ื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื” ื ื’ื“ื•.
03:57
Tassi was ultimately found guilty,
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ื˜ืืกื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉื,
04:00
but his powerful patrons managed to have his sentence revoked.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืขื•ื ืฉื•.
04:05
Some scholars have suggested that Artemisia started the painting
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ
04:09
while the trial was still underway.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ืœ.
04:11
Many have debated whether the rape influenced her work.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื• ืื ื”ืื•ื ืก ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื”.
04:15
Artemisia revisited the subject of Judith repeatedly.
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ืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
04:19
One painting shows Judith and her maidservant
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ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืจืชืช ืฉืœื”
04:22
trying to leave the enemy encampment.
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ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืžืื”ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘.
04:24
Here, Artemisia added a tiny ornament in Judithโ€™s hair,
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ื›ืืŸ, ืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื” ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช,
04:29
possibly referencing David, the protector of Florence,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื•ื“, ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื ืฆื”,
04:32
with a nod to Michelangelo.
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ืขื ื”ื ื”ื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’โ€™ืœื•.
04:35
On the swordโ€™s hilt thereโ€™s a screaming Gorgon or Medusaโ€”
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื‘ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื’ื•ืจื’ื•ื ื” ืฆื•ืจื—ืช ืื• ืžื“ื•ื–ื”-
04:39
both female archetypes evoking rage and power
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื–ืขื ื•ื›ื•ื—
04:42
which link the work to Caravaggio.
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ืฉืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืงืืจืื•ื•ื’โ€™ื™ื• .
ืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื” ืฆื™ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 1618 ืœ-1620.
04:45
Artemisia painted her most famous portrayal of Judith between 1618 and 1620.
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04:52
The composition is similar to that of her first painting from 1613,
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ื”ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืžืฉื ืช 1613,
04:57
but has meaningful details for those who look closely.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœ ืžืงืจื•ื‘.
05:01
The sword more directly resembles a crucifix,
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ื”ื—ืจื‘ ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืฆืœื‘
05:04
heightening the sense that Judith's vengeance was a holy act ordained by God.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ืงืžืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืฉื” ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืกืžืš ืขโ€œื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
05:10
Artemisia also added a bracelet featuring the goddess of the huntโ€”
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ืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื” ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื’ื ืฆืžื™ื“ ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื“--
05:15
her namesake, Artemis.
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ื‘ืฉื ืฉืœื”, ืืจื˜ืžื™ืก.
05:17
This signature is one of the many ways her art holds true to a sentiment
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ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื ืืžื ื” ืœืจื’ืฉ
05:22
that she expressed near the end of her life:
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”:
05:24
โ€œThe works will speak for themselves.โ€
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โ€œื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžืŸ.โ€
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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