Is this the most beautiful building in the world? - Stephanie Honchell Smith

714,064 views ใƒป 2022-12-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:06
Itโ€™s 1631 in Burhanpur,
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 1631 ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื”ื ืคื•ืจ,
00:09
and Mumtaz Mahal, beloved wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan,
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ื•ืžื•ืžืชื– ืžืื”ืœ, ืืฉืชื• ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ ืฉื” ื’โ€™ื”ืืŸ,
00:13
is giving birth to their 14th child.
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ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืืช ื™ืœื“ื ื”-14.
00:17
A healthy girl is born, but not without difficulty.
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ื ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืืš ืœื ื‘ืœื™ ืงื•ืฉื™.
00:22
Shah Jahan rushes to Mumtazโ€™s side, but he cannot save her.
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ืฉืื” ื’โ€™ื”ืืŸ ืžืžื”ืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื˜ื–, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื”.
00:28
Sobbing uncontrollably,
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ืžืชื™ื™ืคื— ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
00:30
the emperor decides to build a tomb worthy of his queen:
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ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื‘ืจ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžืœื›ืชื•:
00:34
an earthly replica of Paradise to embody their perfect love
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ื”ืขืชืง ืืจืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ, 0ืฉื™ื’ืœื ืืช ืื”ื‘ืชื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช
00:38
and project the power of the Mughal Empire for all time.
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ื•ื™ืงืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ืœืชืžื™ื“.
00:43
Construction of the Taj Mahal began roughly seven months later.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืื’โ€ฒ ืžืื”ืœ ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
00:47
Royal architects worked to bring Shah Jahanโ€™s vision to life
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ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืคืขืœื• ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืื” ื’โ€™ื”ืืŸ
00:51
at a site chosen by the emperor in the bustling imperial city of Agra.
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ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืงืงืช ืื’ืจื”.
00:57
The Yamuna riverfront was already dotted with exquisite residences,
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ืฉืคืช ื ื”ืจ ื™ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืœืื” ื‘ืชื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื,
01:01
gardens, and mausoleums.
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ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื–ื•ืœื™ืื•ืžื™ื.
01:03
But when complete, the Taj Mahal would be the most magnificent structure of all.
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ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฉืœื, ื”ื˜ืื’โ€ฒ ืžืื”ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืืจ ืžื›ื•ืœื.
01:10
In addition to housing Mumtazโ€™s mausoleum, the plans included a garden, mosque,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื™ื›ืœื•ืก ื”ืžืื•ื–ื•ืœื™ืื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื˜ื–, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื• ื’ืŸ, ืžืกื’ื“,
01:15
bazaar, and several caravanserais to house visiting merchants and diplomats.
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ื‘ื–ืืจ, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืื™ืจื•ื— ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื.
01:20
Together, this complex would seamlessly blend
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ื™ื—ื“, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืชืื—ื“ ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช
01:23
Persian, Islamic, Indian, and European styles,
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ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจืกื™ื™ื, ืื™ืกืœืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืืจื•ืคืื™ื,
01:26
establishing the Taj Mahal as the culmination
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ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืื’โ€ฒ ืžืื”ืœ ื›ืคืกื’ืช ืฉื™ื
01:29
of Mughal architectural achievement.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉื’ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื’ื”ืืœ.
01:33
The entire compound was laid out on a geometric grid,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื—ื ื”ื•ื ื— ืขืœ ื’ืจื™ื“ ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™,
01:37
incorporating meticulously planned bilateral symmetry.
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ืฉื›ืœืœ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”.
01:41
To further establish an atmosphere of balance and harmony,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”,
01:45
the architects divided the complex into two spheres,
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ืžืชื—ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช,
01:48
representing the spiritual and earthly domains.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื.
01:52
Most of the structures were made of brick and red sandstone,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ ืื“ื•ืžื”,
01:55
with white marble accents.
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ืขื ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืŸ.
01:57
This was a common motif in Mughal architecture,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื”ืืœื™ืช,
02:00
inspired by ancient Indian traditions
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช
02:02
associating white with spiritual purity and red with warriors and royalty.
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ืฉืงื™ืฉืจื• ืœื‘ืŸ ืขื ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืื“ื•ื ืขื ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช.
02:09
But the central mausoleum took more inspiration from the Islamic tradition.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื•ืœืื•ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืช.
02:14
Framed by four minarets,
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ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฆืจื™ื—ื™ ืžืกื’ื“,
02:16
the structure was covered entirely in white marble
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื•ืกื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืŸ
02:20
from quarries over 400 kilometers away.
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ืžืžื—ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 400 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
02:23
Its main dome towered above the skyline,
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ื”ื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืžืชื ืฉืืช ืžืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืจืงื™ืข,
02:26
and those within the cavernous chamber experienced
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ื•ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื•
02:29
an otherworldly echo lasting almost 30 seconds.
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ื”ื“ ืžืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ 30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
02:34
Perfecting the Italian stone-working technique, pietra dura,
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ื‘ืฉื›ืœืœื ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื•ืช, ืคื™ืื˜ืจื” ื“ื•ืจื”,
02:38
craftsmen used all manner of semi-precious stones to create intricate floral designs
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ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืคืจื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
02:44
representing the eternal gardens of Paradise.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ.
02:48
Calligraphers covered the walls with Quranic inscriptions.
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ืงืœื™ื’ืจืคื™ื ื›ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืกืงื™ ืงื•ืจืืŸ.
02:51
And because the Islamic depiction of Paradise has eight gates,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉืขืจื™ื,
02:55
the mausoleumโ€™s rooms were designed to be octagonal.
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ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ืœืื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืžื ื™ื.
02:59
The garden in front of the mausoleum was split into four parts
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ื”ื’ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื•ืœืื•ื ื—ื•ืœืง ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ืœืงื™ื
03:02
in the Persian style,
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ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจืกื™,
03:04
but its flora reflected the Mughalsโ€™ nomadic Central Asian heritage.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืงืคื• ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ืืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื’ื”ืืœ.
03:09
Flowers and trees were carefully selected to add color,
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ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฆื‘ืข,
03:12
sweet scents, and fresh fruit to be sold in the bazaar.
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ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื–ืืจ.
03:16
Masons built intersecting walkways, pools, and channels of water
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ื‘ื ืื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื
03:21
to weave through the lush greenery.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื•ื’ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืคืขืช.
03:24
Even before its completion,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื”,
03:26
Shah Jahan used the Taj to host the annual commemoration of Mumtazโ€™s death,
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ืฉืื” ื’โ€˜ื”ืืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืื’โ€™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื— ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžืชืื–,
03:31
celebrating her reunification with the Divine.
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ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื” ืขื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™.
03:35
Directly across the river, Shah Jahan built another sprawling garden
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ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ืœ ืœื ื”ืจ, ืฉืื” ื’โ€™ื”ืืŸ ื‘ื ื” ื’ืŸ ืฉื•ืคืข ืื—ืจ
03:39
with a central pool that perfectly reflected the mausoleum.
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ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืฉื™ืงืคื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื•ืœืื•ื.
03:44
Building this intricate complex took 12 years
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืžืคืœืงืก ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœืงื—ื” 12 ืฉื ื™ื
03:48
and employed thousands of skilled craftsmen and artisans,
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ื•ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ืืœืคื™ ืืžื ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื™ื,
03:51
from masons and bricklayers to masters of pietra dura and calligraphy.
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ืžื‘ื ืื™ื ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืœืžืืกื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืื˜ืจื” ื“ื•ืจื” ื•ืงืœื™ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
03:57
After the Taj was completed in 1643,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื˜ืื’โ€ฒ ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ 1643,
04:00
Shah Jahan retained some of these craftsmen for routine repairs,
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ืฉืื” ื’โ€™ื”ืืŸ ืฉืžืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื,
04:04
and hired Quran reciters, caretakers, and other staff to maintain the complex.
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ื•ืฉื›ืจ ืžื“ืงืœืžื™ ืงื•ืจืืŸ, ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื, ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžืชื—ื.
04:10
He paid these workers by establishing a vast endowment for the Tajโ€”
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืœื˜ืื’โ€ฒ --
04:14
a system which remained in place until the early 19th century.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื ืฉืžืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 19.
04:19
Since its completion, Shah Jahanโ€™s grand memorial has drawn travelers
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ืžืื– ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ื”ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืื” ื’โ€™ื”ืืŸ ืžืฉื›ื” ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื
04:23
from around the world.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:25
And every time a visitor is awed by the mausoleum,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืชืคืขื ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื•ืœืื•ื,
04:28
the emperorโ€™s goal is achieved anew.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
04:31
Unfortunately, after 15 years of presiding over Mumtazโ€™s memorial,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืื—ืจื™ 15 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœืžื•ืžื˜ืื–,
04:36
Shah Jahan fell ill and a war of succession broke out between his sons.
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ืฉืื” ื’โ€™ื”ืืŸ ื—ืœื” ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคืฆื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื•.
04:42
While Shah Jahan eventually recovered, his son, Aurangzeb,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉืื” ื’โ€™ืื”ืŸ ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื ื•, ืืื•ืจื ื’ื–ื‘,
04:46
had already emerged as the new emperor.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœื” ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
04:49
For the last eight years of his life,
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ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•,
04:51
Shah Jahan lived under house arrest in Agraโ€™s Fort,
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ืฉืื” ื’โ€™ื”ืืŸ ื—ื™ ืชื—ืช ืžืขืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืื’ืจื”,
04:55
where he could see the Taj glimmering in the distance.
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ืฉื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืื’โ€ฒ ืžื ืฆื ืฅ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง.
04:59
When he died in 1666, he was buried next to Mumtaz,
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ื›ืฉืžืช ื‘ 1666, ื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ ืžื•ืžืชืื–,
05:04
his grave breaking the complexโ€™s symmetry,
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืจื• ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื,
05:08
so that his wife could remain at the Tajโ€™s center for all eternity.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืฉืชื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืื’โ€ฒ ืœื ืฆื—.
05:14
This video was made possible with support from Marriott Hotels.
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ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื™ื•ื˜.
05:18
With over 590 hotels and resorts across the globe,
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ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 590 ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ื–ื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
05:21
Marriott Hotels celebrates the curiosity that propels us to travel.
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ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื™ื•ื˜ ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ.
05:25
Check out some of the exciting ways TED-Ed and Marriott are working together
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ื‘ื“ืงื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉ TED-Ed ื•ืžืจื™ื•ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“
05:29
and book your next journey at Marriott Hotels.
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ื•ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื™ื•ื˜.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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