Demolition, disease, and death: Building the Panama Canal - Alex Gendler

1,222,428 views ใƒป 2021-04-27

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:06
In the middle of the 19th century,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
00:08
the California gold rush brought thousands of settlers to Americaโ€™s west coast.
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ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืœืคื™ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
00:13
But finding gold may have been easier than transporting it back east.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื–ืจื—.
00:18
The only hope for avoiding a grueling six month wagon journey
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ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžืกืข ืžืคืจืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื›ืจื•ืช
00:22
was to travel the narrowest portion of the continentโ€”
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช --
00:26
the 48-kilometer Isthmus of Panama.
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ื”ืžืฆืจ ื‘ืŸ 48 ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื ืžื”.
00:30
By 1855, a railroad spanning the region significantly shortened to the trip,
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ื‘-1855, ืžืกื™ืœืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืจืขืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืข,
00:36
but unloading and reloading ships at each port cost time and money.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืžืกืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื™ืงืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืžืœ ืขืœืชื” ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื›ืกืฃ.
00:41
To truly connect these two bodies of water shipping interests needed a canalโ€”
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ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชืขืœื” --
00:47
a continuous maritime passage through the isthmus.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฆืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™.
00:52
The first attempt at this colossal construction project was taken up in 1881
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ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘-1881
00:58
by French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“ ื“ื” ืœืกืคืก.
01:01
De Lesseps had supervised construction of Egypt's Suez Canal,
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ื“ื” ืœืกืคืก ืคื™ืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื,
01:06
but his success made him overconfident.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื• ื ืชื ื” ืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืจื–.
01:09
He insisted on digging the canal at sea level,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืชืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื,
01:12
even though it required boring directly through
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ื“ืจืฉ ื›ืจื™ื” ื™ืฉืจ ื“ืจืš
01:16
the Continental Divide mountain range.
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ืจื›ืก ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
01:18
Futile excavation efforts were buried under constant landslides.
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ืžืืžืฆื™ ื—ืคื™ืจื” ืขืงืจื™ื ื ืงื‘ืจื• ืชื—ืช ืžืคื•ืœื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช.
01:23
And since the diplomat had only visited the site briefly
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ืจืง ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ
01:26
during Panamaโ€™s dry season,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืคื ืžื”,
01:28
his workers were unprepared for torrential storms, venomous jungle fauna,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืกืขืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’โ€™ื•ื ื’ืœ ืืจืกื™ื•ืช,
01:34
and tropical diseases.
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ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
01:36
After spending $287 million and losing a staggering 22,000 lives,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• 287 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ืื‘ื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืจื™ื“ ืฉืœ 22,000 ืื ืฉื™ื,
01:43
the French abandoned the project.
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ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื ื˜ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜.
01:46
The United States had been considering building a canal through Nicaragua,
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืงืœื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชืขืœื” ื“ืจืš ื ื™ืงืจื’ื•ืื”,
01:51
but at this point, the chance to succeed where France failed was tempting.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืฆืจืคืช ื ื›ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืชื”.
01:56
Panamanian leaders were also eager to complete a canal
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืคื ืžื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื”
01:59
which would bring their country business and prestige.
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ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืชื”ื™ืœื”.
02:03
However, Panama was still a part of Colombia at the time,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืคื ืžื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
02:07
and the country was stalling negotiations with the U.S.
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ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื™ื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
02:11
Sensing an opportunity,
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ื—ืฉ ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช,
02:13
President Teddy Roosevelt went straight to the Panamanians.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื“ื™ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื”ืœืš ื™ืฉืจ ืœืคื ืžื™ื.
02:17
With encouragement and military support from the U.S.,
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ืขื ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
02:20
Panama launched a coup in 1903.
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ืคื ืžื” ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืจื“ ื‘-1903.
02:24
Within days, they became an independent nation
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ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื•ืžื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช
02:27
and signed a treaty to begin construction of the canal.
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ื•ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ืืžื ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืขืœื”.
02:32
Just over a decade after the French left, the Americans were ready to dig inโ€”
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ืจืง ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื•, ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ --
02:36
and they were determined to avoid their predecessorโ€™s mistakes.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื”ื.
02:41
Instead of cutting the mountain down to sea level,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื,
02:43
they would raise the sea up the mountain.
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ื”ื ื™ืขืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ืจื™ื.
02:46
The plan was to build massive steel gates
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ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืจื™ ืคืœื“ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื
02:49
separating the canal into multiple chambers with different water levels.
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ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ืœืชืื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืจืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:54
As a ship passed through each successive gate would open,
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ื›ืฉืื•ื ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืคืชื—,
02:58
lowering the water level in the next chamber,
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื ื”ื‘ื,
03:01
while raising the ship and allowing it to move on.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืœืื”.
03:05
The design called for five of these so-called canal locksโ€”
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื“ืจืฉ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืขืœื” --
03:09
three on the Atlantic side and two on the Pacific,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜,
03:13
raising traversing ships 26 meters above sea level.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช 26 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
03:18
Operating this lock system would require a massive reservoir of water.
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ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืื’ืจ ืžื™ื ืขืฆื•ื.
03:23
And fortunately, the low-lying Chagres river valley provided a natural solution.
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืขืžืง ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฆโ€™ืื’ืจืก ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืกื™ืคืง ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
03:29
By building a dam across the gap where the river flowed out to sea,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืกื›ืจ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื”ืจ ื–ื•ืจื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื,
03:33
the entire valley could be flooded.
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ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžืง.
03:35
At 32 meters high and over 800 meters wide,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 32 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-800 ืžื˜ืจ,
03:39
the Gatun Dam would be larger than any built before.
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ืกื›ืจ ื’ืื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ืœ ืกื›ืจ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
03:44
With this innovative plan,
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ืขื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
03:46
the Americans didnโ€™t need to excavate the entire mountain,
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื ื—ืคืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจ,
03:50
but rather, just the pathway for the canal itself.
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ืืœื ืจืง ืืช ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืชืขืœื” ืขืฆืžื”.
03:54
Still, the work was staggering.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
03:56
Even after progress made by the French, it took over nine years for 24,000 workers
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื, ื ื“ืจืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืฉืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœ-24,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
04:03
to blow up, shovel, and drill out the Culebra Cutโ€”
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ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ, ืœื”ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืงื“ื•ื— ืืช ื—ืชืš ื”ืงื•ืœื‘ืจื” --
04:07
a roughly 14 kilometer passageway through the Continental Divide.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืŸ 14 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ื“ืจืš ืงื• ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื.
04:13
The railway, now upgraded and rerouted to follow the canal,
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ืžืกื™ืœืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื“ืจื’ืช ื•ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื”,
04:17
carted away over 76 million cubic meters of excavated rock
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ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-76 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืœืข ืฉื ื—ืฆื‘
04:22
to be used at the Gatun Dam site.
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืกื›ืจ ื’ืื˜ื•ืŸ.
04:26
Construction was only half the battle.
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืžืื‘ืง.
04:28
Leading army officials struggled to maintain infrastructure and sanitation,
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ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื ืื‘ืงื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจื•ืื”,
04:33
but accidents and diseases took the lives of 5,000 workersโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ 5,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื --
04:38
mostly Black Caribbean migrants.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
04:40
Then, in the fall of 1913, the moment finally came.
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ืื–, ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1913, ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
04:45
A telegraph signal from President Woodrow Wilson triggered a dike explosion,
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ืื•ืช ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื•ื“ืจื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืกื,
04:50
flooding the Culebra Cut and joining the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
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ื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื—ืชืš ืงื•ืœื‘ืจื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืงื˜.
04:56
Today, nearly 14,000 vessels travel through the isthmus annuallyโ€”
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ 14,000 ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฆืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” --
05:01
each in under 12 hours.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-12 ืฉืขื•ืช.
05:03
The canal remains Panamaโ€™s chief source of revenue;
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ื”ืชืขืœื” ื ืฉืืจืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืคื ืžื”;
05:06
and since the country gained ownership of the passage in 1999,
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ื•ืžืื– ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘-1999,
05:11
it has also become a source of national pride.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืœื’ืื•ื•ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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