Demolition, disease, and death: Building the Panama Canal - Alex Gendler

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2021-04-27 ・ TED-Ed


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Demolition, disease, and death: Building the Panama Canal - Alex Gendler

1,223,597 views ・ 2021-04-27

TED-Ed


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Prevoditelj: Ivan Luka Sabolović Recezent: Sanja Srbljnović Čuček
00:06
In the middle of the 19th century,
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Sredinom 19. stoljeća, kalifornijska je zlatna groznica
00:08
the California gold rush brought thousands of settlers to America’s west coast.
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dovela tisuće doseljenika na američku zapadnu obalu.
00:13
But finding gold may have been easier than transporting it back east.
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No možda je nalaženje zlata bilo lakše nego njegovo transportiranje na istok.
00:18
The only hope for avoiding a grueling six month wagon journey
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Jedina nada da se izbjegne naporno šestomjesečno putovanje vagonima
00:22
was to travel the narrowest portion of the continent—
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bio je put najužim dijelom kontineta --
00:26
the 48-kilometer Isthmus of Panama.
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48-kilometarskom Panamskom prevlakom.
00:30
By 1855, a railroad spanning the region significantly shortened to the trip,
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Do 1855., pruga koja se protezala tim područjem znatno je skraćivala put,
00:36
but unloading and reloading ships at each port cost time and money.
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ali iskrcaj i pretovar brodova u svakoj luci bio je trošak i vremena i novca.
00:41
To truly connect these two bodies of water shipping interests needed a canal—
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Kako bi istinski povezali ova dva oceana, brodarski su poduzetnici trebali kanal --
00:47
a continuous maritime passage through the isthmus.
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kontinuirani morski prolaz kroz prevlaku.
00:52
The first attempt at this colossal construction project was taken up in 1881
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Prvi se u projektiranju ove kolosalne konstrukcije
1881. okušao francuski diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps.
00:58
by French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps.
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01:01
De Lesseps had supervised construction of Egypt's Suez Canal,
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De Lesseps je nadgledao izgradnju egipatskog Sueskog kanala,
01:06
but his success made him overconfident.
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ali njegov ga je uspjeh učinio pretjerano samouvjerenim.
01:09
He insisted on digging the canal at sea level,
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Inzistirao je da se kanal kopa na razini mora,
01:12
even though it required boring directly through
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makar to zahtjevalo kopanje
izravno kroz planinski lanac Velike razvodnice.
01:16
the Continental Divide mountain range.
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01:18
Futile excavation efforts were buried under constant landslides.
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Uzaludni napori iskapanja bili su zatrpavani pod stalnim klizištima.
01:23
And since the diplomat had only visited the site briefly
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A budući da je diplomat samo nakratko posjetio lokaciju
01:26
during Panama’s dry season,
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za sušne sezone u Panami,
01:28
his workers were unprepared for torrential storms, venomous jungle fauna,
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njegovi su radnici bili nespremni na snažne oluje, otrovnu faunu džungle
01:34
and tropical diseases.
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i tropske bolesti.
01:36
After spending $287 million and losing a staggering 22,000 lives,
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Nakon potrošenih 287 milijuna dolara i nevjerojatno izgubljenih 22 000 života,
01:43
the French abandoned the project.
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Francuz napušta projekt.
01:46
The United States had been considering building a canal through Nicaragua,
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Sjedinjene su države razmatrale igradnju kanala kroz Nikaragvu,
01:51
but at this point, the chance to succeed where France failed was tempting.
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ali tad je bilo primamljivo uspjeti tamo gdje je Francuska podbacila.
01:56
Panamanian leaders were also eager to complete a canal
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I panamski su vođe žarko željeli završiti kanal
01:59
which would bring their country business and prestige.
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koji bi njihovoj državi donio posao i prestiž.
02:03
However, Panama was still a part of Colombia at the time,
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Kako bilo da bilo, Panama je tada još uvijek bila dio Kolumbije,
02:07
and the country was stalling negotiations with the U.S.
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a ta je država odugovlačila pregovore sa SAD-om.
02:11
Sensing an opportunity,
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Osjetivši priliku,
02:13
President Teddy Roosevelt went straight to the Panamanians.
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predsjednik Teddy Roosvelt otišao je ravno Panamcima.
02:17
With encouragement and military support from the U.S.,
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Uz poticaj i vojnu potporu iz SAD-a
02:20
Panama launched a coup in 1903.
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Panama je 1903. izvršila državni udar.
02:24
Within days, they became an independent nation
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U nekoliko dana, postali su nezavisan narod
02:27
and signed a treaty to begin construction of the canal.
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i potpisali ugovor o početku izgradnje kanala.
02:32
Just over a decade after the French left, the Americans were ready to dig in—
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Desetak godina nakon odlaska Francuza,
Amerikanci su bili orni za posao, odlučni izbjeći greške svojih prethodnika.
02:36
and they were determined to avoid their predecessor’s mistakes.
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02:41
Instead of cutting the mountain down to sea level,
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Umjesto prokapanja planine do razine mora,
02:43
they would raise the sea up the mountain.
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dizali bi razinu mora do vrha planine.
02:46
The plan was to build massive steel gates
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Plan je bio izgraditi masivne čelične zaklopnice
02:49
separating the canal into multiple chambers with different water levels.
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koje bi dijelile kanal u više ustava s različitim razinama vode.
02:54
As a ship passed through each successive gate would open,
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Kako bi brod prelazio pojedinu ustavu, zaklopnice bi se otvarale,
02:58
lowering the water level in the next chamber,
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spuštajući razinu mora u sljedećoj ustavi,
03:01
while raising the ship and allowing it to move on.
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podižući time brod i osiguravajući mu daljnje kretanje.
03:05
The design called for five of these so-called canal locks—
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Projekt je zahtijevao pet takozvanih brodskih prevodnica --
03:09
three on the Atlantic side and two on the Pacific,
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tri na strani Atlatnika i dvije na strani Pacifika,
03:13
raising traversing ships 26 meters above sea level.
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koje bi dizale brodove 26 metara iznad razine mora.
03:18
Operating this lock system would require a massive reservoir of water.
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Za rad ovog sistema prevodnica treba ogroman rezervar vode.
03:23
And fortunately, the low-lying Chagres river valley provided a natural solution.
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Na sreću, niska dolina rijeke Chagres dala je prirodno rješenje.
03:29
By building a dam across the gap where the river flowed out to sea,
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Gradnjom brane preko prijevoja gdje se rijeka ulijeva u more,
03:33
the entire valley could be flooded.
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moglo se poplaviti cijelu dolinu.
03:35
At 32 meters high and over 800 meters wide,
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Na 32 metra visine i preko 800 metara širine,
03:39
the Gatun Dam would be larger than any built before.
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Brana Gatun bila bi veća od svake dotad izgrađene.
03:44
With this innovative plan,
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S ovim inovativnim planom,
03:46
the Americans didn’t need to excavate the entire mountain,
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Amerikanci nisu trebali prokopati cijelu planinu,
03:50
but rather, just the pathway for the canal itself.
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nego tek proboj za sam kanal.
03:54
Still, the work was staggering.
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Ipak, posao je bio zapanjujući.
03:56
Even after progress made by the French, it took over nine years for 24,000 workers
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Čak i nakon angažmana Francuza, trebalo je preko devet godina
da 24 000 radnika minira, iskopa i probije Culebru Cut -
04:03
to blow up, shovel, and drill out the Culebra Cut—
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04:07
a roughly 14 kilometer passageway through the Continental Divide.
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oko 14 kilometara dugačak prolaz kroz Veliku razvodnicu.
04:13
The railway, now upgraded and rerouted to follow the canal,
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Željeznica, modernizirana i preusmjerena da prati kanal,
04:17
carted away over 76 million cubic meters of excavated rock
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prevezla je više od 76 milijuna kubnih metara stijena
04:22
to be used at the Gatun Dam site.
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za gradnju Brane Gatun.
04:26
Construction was only half the battle.
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Gradnja je bila samo polovica posla.
04:28
Leading army officials struggled to maintain infrastructure and sanitation,
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Vodeći vojni dužnosnici trudili su se održavati infrastrukturu i kanalizaciju,
04:33
but accidents and diseases took the lives of 5,000 workers—
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ali nesreće i bolesti oduzeli su živote 5 000 radnika --
04:38
mostly Black Caribbean migrants.
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uglavnom migranata iz Crnih Kariba.
04:40
Then, in the fall of 1913, the moment finally came.
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A onda, u jesen 1913., konačno je osvanuo veliki dan.
04:45
A telegraph signal from President Woodrow Wilson triggered a dike explosion,
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Telegrafski signal predsjednika Wilsona pokrenuo je miniranje nasipa,
04:50
flooding the Culebra Cut and joining the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
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što je uzrokovalo plavljenje Culebre Cut i spajanje Atlantskog i Tihog oceana.
04:56
Today, nearly 14,000 vessels travel through the isthmus annually—
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Danas, oko 14 000 plovila prolazi godišnje prevlakom -
05:01
each in under 12 hours.
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svako za manje od 12 sati.
05:03
The canal remains Panama’s chief source of revenue;
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Kanal ostaje glavni izvor prihoda u Panami;
05:06
and since the country gained ownership of the passage in 1999,
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a budući da je država stekla vlasništvo nad kanalom 1999.
05:11
it has also become a source of national pride.
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postao je i izvor nacionalnog ponosa.
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