From the top of the food chain down: Rewilding our world - George Monbiot

789,127 views ใƒป 2014-03-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
We all know about the dinosaurs
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
00:08
that once roamed the planet,
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ืฉืคืขื ื”ืœื›ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:10
but long after they went extinct,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ื•,
00:12
great beasts we call the megafauna
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืžื’ื”ืคืื•ื ื”
00:15
lived on every continent.
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ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช.
00:17
In the Americas, ground sloths the size of elephants
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ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช, ืขืฆืœื ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ื
00:21
pulled down trees with their claws.
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ื”ืคื™ืœื• ืขืฆื™ื ืขื ื”ื˜ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:24
Saber-toothed cats the size of brown bears
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ื˜ื™ื’ื™ืจื™ืกื™ื ื—ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืžื™ื
00:26
hunted in packs,
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ืฆื“ื• ื‘ืœื”ืงื•ืช,
00:28
but they were no match for short-faced bears,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื• ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ ื”ืืฃ,
00:30
which stood thirteen feet on their hind legs,
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ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืจื‘ืข ืžื˜ืจ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
00:33
and are likely to have driven these cats
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:35
away from their prey.
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ืžื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
00:36
There were armadillos as big as small cars,
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ื”ื™ื• ืืจืžื“ื™ืœื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
00:39
an eight foot beaver,
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื›-3 ืžื˜ืจ,
00:41
and a bird with a 26 foot wingspan.
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ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื ืžื•ื˜ืช ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš 9 ืžื˜ืจ.
00:44
Almost everywhere, the world's megafauna
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืžื’ื”ืคืื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:46
were driven to extinction, often by human hunters.
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ื”ื•ื›ื—ื“ื•, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
00:50
Some species still survive in parts of Africa and Asia.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื“ื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืืกื™ื”.
00:54
In other places, you can still see the legacy of these great beasts.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
00:59
Most trees are able to resprout
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื‘ืœื‘ ืฉื•ื‘
01:00
where their trunk is broken
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื”ื ื ืฉื‘ืจ
01:02
to withstand the loss of much of their bark
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ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ืฉืœื”ื
01:04
and to survive splitting, twisting and trampling,
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ื•ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ, ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื™ืกื”,
01:07
partly because they evolved to survive attacks by elephants.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ื.
01:12
The American pronghorn can run so fast
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ื”ืื™ื™ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื•ืฅ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ
01:14
because it evolved to escape the American cheetah.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ืฆ'ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
01:17
The surviving animals live in ghost ecosystems
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืจืคืื™ื
01:21
adapted to threats from species that no longer exist.
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ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:25
Today, it may be possible to resurrect those ghosts,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
01:28
to bring back lost species using genetic material.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
01:31
For instance, there's been research in to
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ
01:33
cloning woolly mammoths from frozen remains.
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ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ื˜ื” ืžืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืงืคื•ืื•ืช.
01:36
But even if it's not possible,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™,
01:38
we can still restore many of the ecosystems
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื”
01:41
the world has lost.
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ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื‘ื“.
01:43
How? By making use of abandoned farms.
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ืื™ืš? ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืช.
01:47
As the market for food is globalized,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
01:49
infertile land becomes uncompetitive.
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ืื“ืžื” ืœื ืคื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืœื ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช.
01:51
Farmers in barren places can't compete
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ื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฆื—ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช
01:54
with people growing crops on better land elsewhere.
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ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:57
As a result, farming has started to retreat from many regions,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืกื’ืช ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช,
02:01
and trees have started to return.
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ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ.
02:03
One estimate claims that two-thirds of land in the US
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ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
02:07
that was once forested but was cleared for farming
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ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืขืจืช ืื‘ืœ ืคื•ื ืชื” ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช
02:09
has become forested again.
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื™ื•ืขืจืช ืฉื•ื‘.
02:11
Another estimate suggests that by 2030,
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ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืขื“ 2030,
02:13
an area in Europe the size of Poland
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ
02:16
will be vaccated by farmers.
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ื™ืคื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงืœืื™ื.
02:18
So even if we can't use DNA to bring back
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ DNA ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ
02:20
ground sloths and giant armadillos,
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ืขืฆืœื ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื•ืืจืžื“ื™ืœื• ืขื ืงื™ื™ื,
02:23
we can restore bears, wolves, pumas
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื–ืื‘ื™ื, ืคื•ืžื•ืช
02:25
lynx, moose and bison
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ืœื™ื ืงืกื™ื, ืื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื
02:27
to the places where they used to live.
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ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื™ื.
02:29
Some of these animals can reshape their surroundings,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชืŸ,
02:32
creating conditions that allow other species to thrive.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
02:35
When wolves were reintroduced to
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ื›ืฉื–ืื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื•
02:37
the Yellowstone National Park in 1995,
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ืœืคืืจืง ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ 1995,
02:39
they quickly transformed the ecosystem.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื”.
02:42
Where they reduced the numbers of overpopulated deer,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื™ืœื™ื,
02:44
vegetation began to recover.
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืงื.
02:47
The height of some trees quintupled in just six years.
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ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืฆื™ื ื’ื“ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืฉ ืชื•ืš ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
02:51
As forests returned, so did songbirds.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื•, ื›ืš ื’ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ.
02:54
Beavers, which eat trees, multiplied in the rivers,
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ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืขืฆื™ื, ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืช,
02:57
and their dams provided homes
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ื•ื”ืกื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืกื™ืคืงื• ื‘ื™ืช
02:59
for otters, muskrats, ducks, frogs and fish.
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ืœื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ ืžื•ืฉืง, ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ื™ื, ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื™ื.
03:04
The wolves killed coyotes, allowing rabbits
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ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืืจื ื‘ื™ื
03:06
and mice to increase,
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ื•ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
03:08
providing more food for hawks, weasels,
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ื•ืกื™ืคืงื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื, ื—ืžื•ืกื™ื,
03:11
foxes and badgers.
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ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:12
Bald eagles and ravens fed on the carrion
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ืขื™ื˜ื™ื ืงืจื—ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื ื‘ืœื•ืช
03:15
that the wolves abandoned.
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ืฉื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื.
03:17
So did bears, which also ate the berries
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื’ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ
03:19
on the returning shrubs.
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ืžื”ืฉื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื.
03:21
Bison numbers rose as they browsed
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ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื ืจืขื•
03:23
the revitalized forests.
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ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ.
03:26
The wolves changed almost everything.
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ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืœ.
03:29
This is an example of a trophic cascade,
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ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžืคืœ ื˜ืจื•ืคื™,
03:32
a change at the top of the food chain
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
03:34
that tumbles all the way to the bottom,
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ืฉืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช,
03:36
affecting every level.
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ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืจืžื”.
03:38
The discovery of widespread trophic cascades
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ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื
03:41
may be one of the most exciting scientific findings
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:44
of the past half century.
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ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
03:45
They tell us that ecosystems that have lost
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื•
03:48
just one or two species of large animals
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ืจืง ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
03:50
can behave in radically different ways
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™
03:53
from those that retain them.
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ืžืืœื” ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
03:54
All over the world, new movements are trying
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื ืกื•ืช
03:56
to catalyze the restoration of nature
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
03:59
in a process called rewilding.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
04:01
This means undoing some of the damage we've caused,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื ื•,
04:04
reestablishing species which have been driven out,
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ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืจื—ื•,
04:07
and then stepping back.
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ื•ืื– ืœืงื—ืช ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”.
04:08
There is no attempt to create an ideal ecosystem,
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ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช,
04:11
to produce a heath, a rainforest or a coral reef.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื“ื” ื‘ื•ืจ, ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ืื• ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
04:15
Rewilding is about bringing back the species
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
04:17
that drive dynamic processes
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ืฉืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื
04:19
and then letting nature take its course.
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ื•ืื– ืœืชืช ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฉืœื•.
04:22
But it's essential that rewilding must never be used
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
04:25
as an excuse to push people off the land.
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ื›ืชืจื•ืฅ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
04:27
It should happen only with the consent
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ืจืง ืขื ื”ืกื›ืžื”
04:29
and enthusiasm of the people who work there.
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ื•ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื.
04:32
Imagine standing on a cliff in England,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฆื•ืง ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
04:35
watching sperm whales attacking shoals of herring
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืœื•ื•ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข ืžืชืงื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื ื’
04:38
as they did within sight of the shore
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืจืื™ื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ
04:40
until the 18th century.
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ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื” 18.
04:41
By creating marine reserves
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
04:43
in which no commerical fishing takes place,
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื’ ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช,
04:45
that can happen again.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
04:46
Imagine a European Serengeti
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื ื’ื˜ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™
04:48
full of the animals that used to live there:
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ืžืœื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื:
04:51
hippos, rhinos, elephants, hyenas and lions.
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ื”ื™ืคื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื, ืคื™ืœื™ื, ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืืจื™ื•ืช.
04:54
What rewilding reintroduces,
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ืžื” ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื‘ื™ื,
04:57
alongside the missing animals and plants,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจื™ื,
05:00
is that rare species called hope.
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ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
05:02
It tells us that ecological change
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™
05:05
need not always proceed in the same direction.
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
05:07
The silent spring could be followed by a wild summer.
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ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืคืจืื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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