What are mini brains? - Madeline Lancaster

599,272 views ใƒป 2018-01-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
This pencil-eraser-sized mass of cells is something called a brain organoid.
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ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžื—ืง ืฉืœ ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืื™ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—.
00:12
Itโ€™s a collection of lab-grown neurons and other brain tissue
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ื–ื” ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžื•ื— ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
00:16
that scientists can use to learn about full-grown human brains.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื.
00:21
And it can be grown from a sample of your skin cells.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
00:26
Why would we need such a thing?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ?
00:28
Neuroscientists face a challenge:
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื— ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืชื’ืจ:
00:30
shielded by our thick skulls and swaddled in layers of protective tissue,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื”ืขื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืžืขื•ืจืกืœ ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช,
00:34
the human brain is extremely difficult to observe in action.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
00:39
For centuries, scientists have tried to understand them using autopsies,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
00:44
animal models,
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ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
00:45
and, in recent years, imaging techniques.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ืช.
00:48
Weโ€™ve learned a lot through all these methods,
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
00:50
but they have limitations.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
00:52
Conditions like Alzheimerโ€™s and schizophrenia,
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื•ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”,
00:54
and the effect on the human brain of diseases like Zika,
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
00:58
continue to hide beyond our view, and our understanding.
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ื ืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื•ืžื”ื‘ื ืชื ื•.
01:03
Enter brain organoids, which function like human brains
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ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
01:07
but arenโ€™t part of an organism.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื.
01:09
Each one comes from an undifferentiated stem cell,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืชื ื’ื–ืข ืœื ืžืžื•ื™ืŸ,
01:12
which is a cell that can develop into any tissue in the body,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื›ืœ ืจืงืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:16
from bone to brain.
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ืžืขืฆื ื•ืขื“ ืžื•ื—.
01:18
Scientists can make undifferentiated stem cells from skin cells.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ื ืœื ืžืžื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ.
01:23
That means they can take a skin sample from a person with a particular condition
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืžืขื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืขื ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
01:27
and generate brain organoids from that person.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื— ืžื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”.
01:31
The hardest part of growing a brain organoid,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—,
01:34
which stumped scientists for years,
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ืฉืชืงืข ืืช ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื,
01:36
was finding the perfect combination of sugars, proteins, vitamins, and minerals
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฆืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื
01:41
that would induce the stem cell to develop a neural identity.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืœืคืชื— ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช.
01:45
That was only discovered recently, in 2013.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘-2013.
01:49
The rest of the process is surprisingly easy.
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ืฉืืจ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
01:51
A neural stem cell essentially grows itself,
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ืชื ื’ื–ืข ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืžื’ื“ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ,
01:55
similar to how a seed grows into a plant,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื–ืจืข ื’ื“ืœ ืœืฆืžื—,
01:57
all it needs are the brainโ€™s equivalents of soil, water, and sunlight.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื–ื” ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืื“ืžื”, ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ.
02:01
A special gel to simulate embryonic tissue,
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ื’'ืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืžื“ืžื” ืจืงืžื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืช,
02:04
a warm incubator set at body temperature,
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ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื’ื•ืฃ,
02:07
and a bit of motion to mimic blood flow.
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ื•ืžืขื˜ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื“ืžื” ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื“ื.
02:09
The stem cell grows into a very small version
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ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจืกื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื”
02:12
of an early-developing human brain,
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื•,
02:15
complete with neurons that can connect to one another
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ืขื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™
02:17
and make simplified neural networks.
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช.
02:20
As mini brains grow, they follow all the steps of fetal brain development.
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ื›ืฉืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ืขื•ื‘ืจื™.
02:26
By observing this process, we can learn how our neurons develop,
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ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”, ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื,
02:30
as well as how we end up with so many more of them in our cortex,
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ื•ื’ื ืื™ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก,
02:33
the part responsible for higher cognition like logic and reasoning,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืกืงื”,
02:37
than other species.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:39
Being able to grow brains in the lab, even tiny ones,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
02:42
raises ethical questions, like:
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ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื•:
02:45
Can they think for themselves, or develop consciousness?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ืื• ืœืคืชื— ื”ื›ืจื”?
02:48
And the answer is no, for several reasons.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื, ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
02:51
A brain organoid has the same tissue types as a full-sized brain,
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ืœืื™ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืœืžื•ื— ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืœื,
02:55
but isnโ€™t organized the same way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš.
02:58
The organoid is similar to an airplane
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ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืก
03:00
thatโ€™s been taken apart and reassembled at random;
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ืฉืคื•ืจืง ื•ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™;
03:03
you could still study the wings, the engine, and other parts,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื ื•ืข, ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:06
but the plane could never fly.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœืขื•ืœื.
03:08
Similarly, a brain organoid allows us to study different types of brain tissue,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื™ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื— ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžื•ื—,
03:13
but canโ€™t think.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘.
03:15
And even if mini brains were organized like a real brain,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžื™ื ื™-ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื— ืืžื™ืชื™,
03:18
they still wouldnโ€™t be able to reason or develop consciousness.
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืื• ืœืคืชื— ื”ื›ืจื”.
03:22
A big part of what makes our brains so smart is their size,
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ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืžื•ื—ื ื• ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื›ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื•,
03:26
and mini brains have only about 100,000 neurons
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ื•ืœืžื™ื ื™-ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืขืจืš 100,000 ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื
03:30
compared to the 86 billion in a full-sized brain.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช 86 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืœื.
03:34
Scientists arenโ€™t likely to grow larger brain organoids anytime soon.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืื™ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘.
03:38
Without blood vessels to feed them,
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ืœืœื ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืฉื™ื–ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื,
03:40
their size is limited to one centimeter at most.
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ื’ื•ื“ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“, ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื.
03:44
Finally, mini brains arenโ€™t able to interact with the outside world.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื™ื ื™-ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
03:48
We learn by interacting with our environments: receiving inputs
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:52
through our eyes, ears, and other sensory organs, and reacting in turn.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงืœื˜ ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืื–ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื.
03:57
The complex neural networks that underlie conscious thoughts and actions
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ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
04:01
develop from this feedback loop.
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ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืœื•ืœืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื•.
04:03
Without it, the organoids can never form a functional network.
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ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื™ื”ืŸ, ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช.
04:07
Thereโ€™s nothing quite like the actual human brain,
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ืžื•ืช ืœืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
04:11
but mini brains are an unprecedented tool
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื ื™-ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืœื™ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื
04:13
for studying everything from development to disease.
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœ, ืžื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช.
04:17
With luck, these humble organoids can help us discover
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ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช
04:20
what makes the human brain unique,
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ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœื™ื—ื•ื“ื™,
04:23
and maybe bring us closer to answering the age-old question:
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืงืจื‘ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”:
04:26
what makes us human?
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ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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