What are mini brains? - Madeline Lancaster

604,081 views ・ 2018-01-16

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: hyemi kwon κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
This pencil-eraser-sized mass of cells is something called a brain organoid.
0
7108
5849
μ—¬κΈ° μ—°ν•„ μ§€μš°κ°œλ§Œν•œ 세포 λ©μ–΄λ¦¬μ˜ 이름은 λ‡Œ μ˜€κ°€λ…Έμ΄λ“œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:12
It’s a collection of lab-grown neurons and other brain tissue
1
12957
4032
μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ ν‚€μš΄ λ‰΄λŸ°κ³Ό λ‡Œ 쑰직이죠.
00:16
that scientists can use to learn about full-grown human brains.
2
16989
4361
κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ λ‹€ μžλž€ μΈκ°„μ˜ λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
And it can be grown from a sample of your skin cells.
3
21350
4880
ν”ΌλΆ€ μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μ±„μ·¨ν•΄μ„œ λ°°μ–‘ν•  수 있죠.
00:26
Why would we need such a thing?
4
26230
2089
이런 게 μ™œ ν•„μš”ν• κΉŒμš”?
00:28
Neuroscientists face a challenge:
5
28319
2151
μ‹ κ²½ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ¬Έμ œμ— 직면해 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
shielded by our thick skulls and swaddled in layers of protective tissue,
6
30470
4269
μΈκ°„μ˜ λ‡ŒλŠ” λ‘κΊΌμš΄ 뼈둜 λ‘˜λŸ¬ μŒ“μ—¬μžˆκ³  세포듀이 측측이 λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
00:34
the human brain is extremely difficult to observe in action.
7
34739
5090
ν™œλ™ μ€‘μ˜ λ‡Œλ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κΈ°λŠ” κ·Ήλ„λ‘œ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
For centuries, scientists have tried to understand them using autopsies,
8
39829
4392
수 μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λΆ€κ²€κ³Ό
00:44
animal models,
9
44221
1009
동물 μ‹€ν—˜
00:45
and, in recent years, imaging techniques.
10
45230
3137
그리고 μ΅œκ·Όμ—λŠ” μ˜μƒ μ˜ν•™μœΌλ‘œ 이해해보렀고 λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
We’ve learned a lot through all these methods,
11
48367
2264
이 방법듀을 톡해 λ§Žμ€ λ°œμ „μ„ μ΄λ£¨μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:50
but they have limitations.
12
50631
1790
μ—¬μ „νžˆ ν•œκ³„κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
Conditions like Alzheimer’s and schizophrenia,
13
52421
2271
μ•ŒμΈ ν•˜μ΄λ¨Έμ™€ μ‘°ν˜„λ³‘κ³Ό
00:54
and the effect on the human brain of diseases like Zika,
14
54692
3849
μ§€μΉ΄ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ 같은 μ§ˆλ³‘μ΄ 인간 λ‡Œμ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯은
00:58
continue to hide beyond our view, and our understanding.
15
58541
4740
μ—¬μ „νžˆ 우리 μ‹œμ•Ό 밖에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
Enter brain organoids, which function like human brains
16
63281
3780
λ‡Œ μ˜€κ°€λ…Έμ΄λ“œλŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ λ‡Œμ™€ 같은 κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
01:07
but aren’t part of an organism.
17
67061
2225
μž₯κΈ°κΈ°κ΄€μ˜ ν•œ 뢀뢄은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:09
Each one comes from an undifferentiated stem cell,
18
69286
3426
각각의 μ„Έν¬λŠ” λ―ΈλΆ„ν™”λœ μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ™”λŠ”λ°
01:12
which is a cell that can develop into any tissue in the body,
19
72712
3889
이것은 인체의 μ–΄λ– ν•œ μ‘°μ§μœΌλ‘œλ„ μ„±μž₯ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ„Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
from bone to brain.
20
76601
1836
λΌˆμ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° λ‡Œ κΉŒμ§€ 말이죠.
01:18
Scientists can make undifferentiated stem cells from skin cells.
21
78437
5139
κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ ν”ΌλΆ€ μ„Έν¬λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ―ΈλΆ„ν™”λœ 쀄기세포λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
01:23
That means they can take a skin sample from a person with a particular condition
22
83576
4031
즉, νŠΉμ •ν•œ 쑰건을 κ°€μ§„ ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ ν”ΌλΆ€ μƒ˜ν”Œμ„ κ°€μ§€κ³ 
01:27
and generate brain organoids from that person.
23
87607
3808
κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‡Œ μ˜€κ°€λ…Έμ΄λ“œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
The hardest part of growing a brain organoid,
24
91415
2835
λ‡Œ μ˜€κ°€λ…Έμ΄λ“œλ₯Ό μ„±μž₯μ‹œν‚€λŠ”λ° κ°€μž₯ μ–΄λ €μš΄ 점은
01:34
which stumped scientists for years,
25
94250
1994
λͺ‡ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ ν’€μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ 문제인데
01:36
was finding the perfect combination of sugars, proteins, vitamins, and minerals
26
96244
5199
λ‹Ή, λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ, 비타민, λ―Έλ„€λž„μ˜ μ™„λ²½ν•œ 쑰합을 μ°ΎλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
that would induce the stem cell to develop a neural identity.
27
101443
4410
쀄기세포λ₯Ό λ‡Œ μ„Έν¬λ‘œ μ„±μž₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ„μ™€μ£ΌλŠ” 것이죠.
01:45
That was only discovered recently, in 2013.
28
105853
3259
이것은 2013년인 μ΅œκ·Όμ—μ•Ό 겨우 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
The rest of the process is surprisingly easy.
29
109112
2842
λ‹€λ₯Έ 과정듀은 λ†€λžλ„λ‘ μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
A neural stem cell essentially grows itself,
30
111954
3080
μ‹ κ²½ μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬λŠ” 슀슀둜 μ„±μž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
similar to how a seed grows into a plant,
31
115034
2679
식물이 μ”¨μ•—μ—μ„œ μžλΌλŠ” 것과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜μ£ .
01:57
all it needs are the brain’s equivalents of soil, water, and sunlight.
32
117713
4279
λ‡Œμ—κ²Œ ν•„μš”ν•œ ν† μ–‘, λ¬Ό, 그리고 ν–‡λΉ›λ§Œ 있으면 λΌμš”.
02:01
A special gel to simulate embryonic tissue,
33
121992
2531
배아쑰직과 같은 νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μ €κ³Ό
02:04
a warm incubator set at body temperature,
34
124523
2561
μ²΄μ˜¨μ— λ§žμΆ°μ§„ λ”°λœ»ν•œ 인큐베이터
02:07
and a bit of motion to mimic blood flow.
35
127084
2839
그리고, 혈λ₯˜λ₯Ό λŒ€μ‹ ν•  μ•½κ°„μ˜ μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
The stem cell grows into a very small version
36
129923
2669
이 μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬λŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ λ‡Œμ˜ μ΄ˆκΈ°λ°œλ‹¬μ˜ μ„±μž₯을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ”
02:12
of an early-developing human brain,
37
132592
2502
μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ λ²„μ „μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:15
complete with neurons that can connect to one another
38
135094
2490
λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œ μ™„μ „ν•˜κ²Œ μ—°κ²°λ˜κ³ 
02:17
and make simplified neural networks.
39
137584
3130
κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 신경쑰직을 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
As mini brains grow, they follow all the steps of fetal brain development.
40
140714
5361
μž‘μ€ λ‡Œμ˜ μ„±μž₯은 νƒœμ•„μ˜ λ‡Œμ˜ λ°œλ‹¬λ‹¨κ³„λ₯Ό λ”°λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
By observing this process, we can learn how our neurons develop,
41
146075
3951
이 과정을 κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 우리의 λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄ λ°œλ‹¬ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
02:30
as well as how we end up with so many more of them in our cortex,
42
150026
3730
우리 λ‡Œμ˜ ν”Όμ§ˆμ•ˆμ—, 논리적이고 합리적인, 높은 인지λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ§€λ‹Œ 세포λ₯Ό
02:33
the part responsible for higher cognition like logic and reasoning,
43
153756
3998
λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–΄λ–€ μ’…λ“€ 보닀도 더 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 많이 κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€μš”.
02:37
than other species.
44
157754
2023
02:39
Being able to grow brains in the lab, even tiny ones,
45
159777
2941
μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 아무리 μž‘μ€ λ‡ŒλΌλ„ κΈ°λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” 것은
02:42
raises ethical questions, like:
46
162718
2307
윀리적인 문제λ₯Ό μ•ΌκΈ°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
Can they think for themselves, or develop consciousness?
47
165025
3401
κ·Έ λ‡ŒλŠ” 슀슀둜 μƒκ°ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μΈμ§€μž‘μš©μ„ λ°œλ‹¬μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:48
And the answer is no, for several reasons.
48
168426
3337
μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€ μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
02:51
A brain organoid has the same tissue types as a full-sized brain,
49
171763
4013
λ‡Œ μ˜€κ°€λ…Έμ΄λ“œλŠ” μ™„μ „ν•œ 크기의 λ‡Œμ™€ 같은 쑰직을 κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:55
but isn’t organized the same way.
50
175776
2339
같은 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•„μš”.
02:58
The organoid is similar to an airplane
51
178115
1951
이 μ˜€κ°€λ…Έμ΄λ“œλŠ” λΆ€ν’ˆλ“€μ„ λΆ„ν•΄ν•΄μ„œ λ¬΄μž‘μœ„λ‘œ κ²°ν•©λœ 비행기와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
that’s been taken apart and reassembled at random;
52
180066
3122
03:03
you could still study the wings, the engine, and other parts,
53
183188
3099
λ‚ κ°œ, μ—”μ§„, 그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ 뢀뢄듀을 연ꡬ할 μˆ˜λŠ” μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:06
but the plane could never fly.
54
186287
2600
κ·Έ λΉ„ν–‰κΈ°λŠ” μ ˆλŒ€ λ‚ μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
Similarly, a brain organoid allows us to study different types of brain tissue,
55
188887
4359
이와 같이, λ‡Œ μ˜€κ°€λ…Έμ΄λ“œλ‘œ λ‡Œμ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ 뢀뢄듀을 연ꡬ할 μˆ˜λŠ” μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:13
but can’t think.
56
193246
1880
κ·Έ λ‡ŒλŠ” μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
And even if mini brains were organized like a real brain,
57
195126
3271
λ―Έλ‹ˆλΈŒλ ˆμΈμ΄ μ‹€μ œ λ‡Œμ™€ 같이 μ‘°μ§λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  해도
03:18
they still wouldn’t be able to reason or develop consciousness.
58
198397
4020
그것은 μƒκ°ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ˜μ‹μ„ λ°œλ‹¬μ‹œν‚¬ 수 없을 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
03:22
A big part of what makes our brains so smart is their size,
59
202417
4171
우리의 λ‡Œκ°€ μ§€λŠ₯적인 κ°€μž₯ 큰 μ΄μœ λŠ” κ·Έ 크기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
and mini brains have only about 100,000 neurons
60
206588
3476
λ―Έλ‹ˆλΈŒλ ˆμΈμ€ 겨우 10만 개의 λ‰΄λŸ°μ„ κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:30
compared to the 86 billion in a full-sized brain.
61
210064
4183
그에 λΉ„ν•΄, μ™„μ „ν•œ 크기의 λ‡ŒλŠ” 860μ–΅ 개λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
03:34
Scientists aren’t likely to grow larger brain organoids anytime soon.
62
214247
4488
κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 아직은 λ‡Œ μ˜€κ°€λ…Έμ΄λ“œλ₯Ό 더 크게 λ§Œλ“€μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
Without blood vessels to feed them,
63
218735
1792
μ˜μ–‘λΆ„μ„ 쀄 수 μžˆλŠ” ν˜ˆκ΄€ μ—†μ΄λŠ” 말이죠.
03:40
their size is limited to one centimeter at most.
64
220527
4170
κ·Έ ν¬κΈ°λŠ” κ³ μž‘ 1cm둜 ν•œκ³„κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
Finally, mini brains aren’t able to interact with the outside world.
65
224697
4200
κ²°κ΅­, λ―Έλ‹ˆλΈŒλ ˆμΈμ€ λ°”κΉ₯ 세상과 μ†Œν†΅ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
We learn by interacting with our environments: receiving inputs
66
228897
3662
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν™˜κ²½κ³Ό μ†Œν†΅ν•˜λ©° λ°œμ „ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
through our eyes, ears, and other sensory organs, and reacting in turn.
67
232559
4680
우리의 눈, κ·€, 감각기관을 톡해 정보λ₯Ό 받아듀이고 그것에 λ°˜μ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
The complex neural networks that underlie conscious thoughts and actions
68
237239
3818
μ˜μ‹μ μΈ 사고와 행동에 μ˜ν•΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 볡합적인 μ‹ κ²½ μž‘μš©μ€
04:01
develop from this feedback loop.
69
241057
2222
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν”Όλ“œλ°±μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ°œμ „λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
Without it, the organoids can never form a functional network.
70
243279
4580
이것이 μ—†μ΄λŠ” μ˜€κ°€λ…Έμ΄λ“œκ°€ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•˜λŠ” 연결망을 λ§Œλ“€μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
There’s nothing quite like the actual human brain,
71
247859
3210
μ‹€μ œ μΈκ°„μ˜ λ‡Œμ™€ 같은 것은 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
but mini brains are an unprecedented tool
72
251069
2791
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ ν™•μ‹€νžˆ λ―Έλ‹ˆλΈŒλ ˆμΈμ€ μ „λ‘€μ—†λŠ” λ„κ΅¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
for studying everything from development to disease.
73
253860
3659
μ„±μž₯κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° 병에 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ λͺ¨λ“  것을 연ꡬ할 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
04:17
With luck, these humble organoids can help us discover
74
257519
3382
λ‹€ν–‰νžˆ, 이 μ˜€κ°€λ…Έμ΄λ“œλŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ λ‡Œκ°€ μ™œ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 것인지
04:20
what makes the human brain unique,
75
260901
2160
μ•Œκ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”λ° 도움이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
and maybe bring us closer to answering the age-old question:
76
263061
3518
그리고 μ•„λ§ˆλ„ μ•„μ£Ό 였래된 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ 닡을 ꡬ할 수 μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ°λΌμš”.
04:26
what makes us human?
77
266579
1920
μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ‚¬λžŒλ‹΅κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 무엇일지에 λŒ€ν•œ 질문이죠.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7