The first and last king of Haiti - Marlene Daut

610,124 views ใƒป 2019-10-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
The royal couple of Haiti rode into their coronation to thunderous applause.
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ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืœื”ื›ืชืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืงื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ืจื•ืขืžื•ืช.
00:11
After receiving his ornate crown and scepter,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืชืจ ื”ืžืขื•ื˜ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•,
00:14
Henry Christophe ascended his throne, towering 20 meters in the air.
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ื”ื ืจื™ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ืขืœื” ืœื›ืกืื•, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 20 ืžื˜ืจ.
00:19
But little did the cheering onlookers know that the first king of Haiti
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืจื™ืข ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™
00:23
would also be its last.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
00:25
Enslaved at birth on the island of Grenada,
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ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื‘ืื™ ื’ืจื ื“ื”,
00:28
Christophe spent his childhood being moved between multiple Caribbean islands.
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
00:33
Just 12 years old in 1779,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืŸ 12 ื‘ 1779,
00:36
he accompanied his master to aid the American revolutionaries
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ื”ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
00:39
in the Battle of Savannah.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ื•ืื ื”.
00:41
This prolonged siege would be Christopheโ€™s first encounter with violent revolution.
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ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ืขื ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืืœื™ืžื”.
00:47
There are few surviving written records
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉืจื“ื•
00:49
about Christopheโ€™s life immediately after the war.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื™ื™ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
00:52
Over the next decade,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื,
00:53
we know he worked as a mason and a waiter at a hotel
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื‘ื ืื™ ื•ืžืœืฆืจ ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ
00:56
in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, as Haiti was then known.
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ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ื“ื•ืžื ื’, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืื–.
01:00
In 1791, when the colonyโ€™s slaves rose up in rebellion,
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ื‘ 1791, ื›ืฉื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื• ื‘ืžืจื“,
01:05
Christophe got another opportunity to fight for freedom.
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื”ืœื—ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:08
Led by Toussaint Louverture, the rebels fought against plantation owners,
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ืžื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื˜ืขื™ื,
01:13
as well as British and Spanish forces seeking control of the island.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉืจืฆื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื™.
01:17
Christophe quickly rose through the ranks,
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ืขืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ื“ืจื’ื•ืช,
01:19
proving himself the equal of more experienced generals.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื’ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš.
01:23
By 1793,
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ืขื“ 1793,
01:24
Louverture had successfully liberated all of Saint-Domingueโ€™s enslaved people,
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ืœื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื—ืจืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ื“ื•ืžื ื’,
01:29
and by 1801 heโ€™d established the island as a semi-autonomous colony.
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ื•ืขื“ 1801 ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ื‘ืื™.
01:34
But during this time, Napoleon Bonaparte had assumed power in France,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ืคืจื˜ื” ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช,
01:38
and made it his mission to restore slavery and French authority
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™
01:42
throughout the empire.
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”.
01:44
French attempts to reinstate slavery met fierce resistance,
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ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืขื–ื”,
01:47
with General Christophe even burning the capital city
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ื›ืฉื’ื ืจืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืจืฃ ืืช ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”
01:50
to prevent military occupation.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช.
01:53
Finally, the rebellion and an outbreak of yellow fever
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžืจื“ ื•ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื“ื—ืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”
01:56
forced French soldiers to withdrawโ€” but the fight was not without casualties.
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ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื ืœืกื’ืช -- ืื‘ืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืœื ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช.
02:01
Louverture was captured, and left to die in a French prison;
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ืœื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจ ื ืœื›ื“, ื•ื”ื•ืฉืืจ ื‘ื›ืœื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืœืžื•ืช;
02:05
a fate that Christopheโ€™s nine-year-old son would share only a few years later.
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ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื” 9 ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ื™ื—ืœื•ืง ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
02:10
Following the revolution,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”,
02:12
Christophe and generals Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Alexandre Pรฉtion
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื’ื ืจืœื™ื ื–'ืืŸ ื–'ืืง ื“ืกืœื™ื ืก ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคื˜ื™ื•ืŸ
02:16
rose to prominent positions in the new government.
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ืขืœื• ืœืžืฉืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:19
In 1804, Dessalines was proclaimed the emperor of independent Haiti.
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ื‘ 1804, ื“ืกืœื™ื ืก ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื›ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
02:24
But his desire to hold exclusive power alienated his supporters.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื•.
02:29
Eventually, Dessalinesโ€™ rule incited a political conspiracy
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืกืœื™ื ืก ื’ืจื ืœืงื ื•ื ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
02:33
that ended in his assassination in 1806.
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ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื—ืชื• ื‘ 1806.
02:36
The subsequent power struggle led to a Civil War, which split the country in two.
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ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ืœืงื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื.
02:41
By 1807, Christophe was governing as president of the north in Cap-Haรฏtien,
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ืขื“ 1807, ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื˜ ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืืค ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
02:47
and Pรฉtion was ruling the south from Port-au-Prince.
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ื•ืคื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืื• ืคืจื™ื ืก.
02:50
Pรฉtion tried to stay true to the revolutionโ€™s democratic roots
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ืคื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื ืืžืŸ ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”
02:54
by modeling his republic after the United States.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
02:57
He even supported anti-colonial revolutionaries in other nations.
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืžืš ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:01
These policies endeared him to his people,
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื•,
03:03
but they slowed trade and economic growth.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
03:07
Christophe, conversely, had more aggressive plans for an independent Haiti.
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ืœื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“, ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
03:11
He redistributed land to the people, while retaining state control of agriculture.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืœืง ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื“ืžื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
03:15
He also established trade with many foreign nations,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืคื™ืชื— ืžืกื—ืจ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืžื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช,
03:18
including Great Britain and the United States,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
03:21
and pledged non-interference with their foreign policies.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
03:24
He even built a massive Citadel in case the French tried to invade again.
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืขื ืง ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื™ื ืกื• ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘.
03:28
To accomplish all of this, Christophe instituted mandatory labor,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื”,
03:32
and to strengthen his authority, he crowned himself king in 1811.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืชื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืœืš ื‘ 1811.
03:37
During his reign, he lived in an elegant palace called Sans Souci
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•, ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ืกืื ืก ืกื•ืฆ'ื™
03:41
along with his wife and their three remaining children.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืฉืชื• ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื.
03:44
Christopheโ€™s kingdom oversaw rapid development of trade, industry, culture,
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ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ืจืืชื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื—ืจ, ืชืขืฉื™ื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
03:49
and education.
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ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
03:50
He imported renowned European artists to Haitiโ€™s cultural scene,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื‘ื ืืžื ื™ื ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืกืฆื ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™,
03:54
as well as European teachers, in order to establish public education.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
03:58
But while the king was initially popular among his subjects,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชื™ื ื™ื•,
04:01
his labor mandates were an uncomfortable reminder
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืœื ื ื•ื—ื”
04:04
of the slavery Haitians fought to destroy.
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ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื ืœื—ืžื•.
04:07
Over time, his increasingly authoritarian policies lost support,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืชืžื™ื›ื”,
04:12
and his opponents to the south gained strength.
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ื•ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื• ืžื“ืจื•ื ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•.
04:14
In October 1820, his reign finally reached its tragic conclusion.
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ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1820, ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ื•ื ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
04:20
Months after a debilitating stroke left him unable to govern,
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืฅ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜,
04:24
key members of his military defected to southern forces.
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœื• ืขืจืงื• ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื.
04:27
Betrayed and despondent, the king committed suicide.
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ื ื‘ื’ื“ ื•ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘, ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืชืื‘ื“.
04:32
Today, the traces of Christopheโ€™s complicated history
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ
04:35
can still be found in the crumbling remains of his palaces,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•,
04:39
and in Haitiโ€™s legacy as the first nation to permanently abolish slavery.
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ื•ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื›ืื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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