The first and last king of Haiti - Marlene Daut

611,145 views ・ 2019-10-07

TED-Ed


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譯者: Clement Fu 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:06
The royal couple of Haiti rode into their coronation to thunderous applause.
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海地皇室伉儷徐徐駛進加冕會場
00:11
After receiving his ornate crown and scepter,
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國王在如雷掌聲中接過皇冠、權仗
00:14
Henry Christophe ascended his throne, towering 20 meters in the air.
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亨利·克里斯托夫 (Henry Christophe) 登上離地 20 米的寶座
00:19
But little did the cheering onlookers know that the first king of Haiti
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夾道歡呼的民眾誰能料到
開國太祖又會是末代後主
00:23
would also be its last.
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00:25
Enslaved at birth on the island of Grenada,
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在島嶼國家格瑞那達 (Grenada) 生為奴隸
00:28
Christophe spent his childhood being moved between multiple Caribbean islands.
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國王的童年遷徙多個加勒比海群島
00:33
Just 12 years old in 1779,
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1779 年,才 12 歲的他
00:36
he accompanied his master to aid the American revolutionaries
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伴隨主子扶助美國革命
00:39
in the Battle of Savannah.
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身陷薩凡納戰役 (Battle of Savannah)
00:41
This prolonged siege would be Christophe’s first encounter with violent revolution.
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這場持久城戰讓國王初嘗勇武革命
00:47
There are few surviving written records
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戰後初期克里斯托夫生活如何
00:49
about Christophe’s life immediately after the war.
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記載文獻早已散逸
00:52
Over the next decade,
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然而隨後十年
00:53
we know he worked as a mason and a waiter at a hotel
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後世知道他當過石匠、客棧小二
00:56
in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, as Haiti was then known.
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在法屬殖民地聖多明哥 (Saint-Domingue) 謀生,即今海地
01:00
In 1791, when the colony’s slaves rose up in rebellion,
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1791 年,當殖民地奴隸群起叛變
01:05
Christophe got another opportunity to fight for freedom.
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克里斯托夫再遇上爭取自由的契機
01:08
Led by Toussaint Louverture, the rebels fought against plantation owners,
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首領杜桑·盧維杜爾 (Toussaint Louverture) 率同一眾義士
01:13
as well as British and Spanish forces seeking control of the island.
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反抗廠主,以至染指掌控 島嶼的英國和西班牙部隊
01:17
Christophe quickly rose through the ranks,
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克里斯托夫的階級扶搖直上
01:19
proving himself the equal of more experienced generals.
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力證自己能力堪稱上將
01:23
By 1793,
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到 1793 年
01:24
Louverture had successfully liberated all of Saint-Domingue’s enslaved people,
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盧維杜爾成功解放聖多明哥奴民
01:29
and by 1801 he’d established the island as a semi-autonomous colony.
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1801 年建立起島上半自主殖民地
01:34
But during this time, Napoleon Bonaparte had assumed power in France,
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與此同時,拿破崙·波拿巴 (Napoleon Bonaparte) 在法國登位
01:38
and made it his mission to restore slavery and French authority
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誓要回歸奴隸制及法國主權
01:42
throughout the empire.
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一統帝國
01:44
French attempts to reinstate slavery met fierce resistance,
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法軍復施奴隸制遇上頑強抵抗
01:47
with General Christophe even burning the capital city
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克里斯托夫將軍不惜付諸一炬
01:50
to prevent military occupation.
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也不讓敵軍佔領首都
01:53
Finally, the rebellion and an outbreak of yellow fever
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最終,反抗巧遇黃熱病爆發
01:56
forced French soldiers to withdraw— but the fight was not without casualties.
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迫使法軍撤退,但一仗功成豈無枯骨
02:01
Louverture was captured, and left to die in a French prison;
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盧維杜爾淪為俘虜,法軍牢中終歿
02:05
a fate that Christophe’s nine-year-old son would share only a few years later.
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就數年後,克里斯托夫 9 歲大的兒子也遭逢同一厄運
02:10
Following the revolution,
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革命之後,克里斯托夫與將領
02:12
Christophe and generals Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Alexandre Pétion
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讓-雅克·德薩林 (Jean-Jacques Dessalines) 和亞歷山大·佩蒂翁 (Alexandre Pétion)
02:16
rose to prominent positions in the new government.
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晉升新政府中顯赫要職
02:19
In 1804, Dessalines was proclaimed the emperor of independent Haiti.
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1804 年德薩林自擁海地獨立後始皇
02:24
But his desire to hold exclusive power alienated his supporters.
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獨攬大權的欲望卻為支持者所背棄
02:29
Eventually, Dessalines’ rule incited a political conspiracy
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最終,德薩林治下激起政治圖謀
02:33
that ended in his assassination in 1806.
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1806 年遇刺身亡
02:36
The subsequent power struggle led to a Civil War, which split the country in two.
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之後權爭引來內戰,國家一分為二
02:41
By 1807, Christophe was governing as president of the north in Cap-Haïtien,
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1807 年克里斯托夫北據海地角 (Cap-Haïtien) 成為北方總統
02:47
and Pétion was ruling the south from Port-au-Prince.
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佩蒂翁則坐鎮太子港 (Port-au-Prince) 統領南方
02:50
Pétion tried to stay true to the revolution’s democratic roots
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佩蒂翁嘗試忠於革命的民主初心
02:54
by modeling his republic after the United States.
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塑造心目中仿效美國的共和國
02:57
He even supported anti-colonial revolutionaries in other nations.
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甚至支持異域的反殖民革命
03:01
These policies endeared him to his people,
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這些舉措贏得民心
03:03
but they slowed trade and economic growth.
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然而無濟於貿易及經濟增長
03:07
Christophe, conversely, had more aggressive plans for an independent Haiti.
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克里斯托夫卻對獨立海地鴻圖大計
03:11
He redistributed land to the people, while retaining state control of agriculture.
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他配給人民土地,農業卻集權中央
03:15
He also established trade with many foreign nations,
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拓展與殊方異域的經貿往來
03:18
including Great Britain and the United States,
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包括大不列顛和美國
03:21
and pledged non-interference with their foreign policies.
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並揚言對外不干涉的政策
03:24
He even built a massive Citadel in case the French tried to invade again.
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甚至築起巨大堡壘以防法軍再侵襲
03:28
To accomplish all of this, Christophe instituted mandatory labor,
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為樹立偉績,克里斯托夫強徵勞工
03:32
and to strengthen his authority, he crowned himself king in 1811.
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為鞏固勢力,1811 年更自封為王
03:37
During his reign, he lived in an elegant palace called Sans Souci
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在位其間他與王后及其餘三名子女
03:41
along with his wife and their three remaining children.
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住在冠冕堂皇的聖蘇西宮 (Sans Souci)
03:44
Christophe’s kingdom oversaw rapid development of trade, industry, culture,
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治下王國貿易、工業、文化、教育
03:49
and education.
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迅速發展
03:50
He imported renowned European artists to Haiti’s cultural scene,
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文化方面引進著名歐洲藝術家
03:54
as well as European teachers, in order to establish public education.
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又羅聘歐洲教師籌辦公共教育
03:58
But while the king was initially popular among his subjects,
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儘管國王初時受子民愛戴
04:01
his labor mandates were an uncomfortable reminder
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徵召夫役卻戳中海地人心中
04:04
of the slavery Haitians fought to destroy.
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拼生盡死破除奴隸制的痛
04:07
Over time, his increasingly authoritarian policies lost support,
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與日俱增的鐵腕統治終歸失去人心
04:12
and his opponents to the south gained strength.
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南方宿敵日漸得勢
04:14
In October 1820, his reign finally reached its tragic conclusion.
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1820 年 10 月,統治終以悲劇收場
04:20
Months after a debilitating stroke left him unable to govern,
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中風後數個月國王憔悴無力執政
04:24
key members of his military defected to southern forces.
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軍方主將紛紛變節投奔南方
04:27
Betrayed and despondent, the king committed suicide.
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國王眾叛落寞下自盡,一死謝天下
04:32
Today, the traces of Christophe’s complicated history
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克里斯托夫交錯一生的蹤跡
04:35
can still be found in the crumbling remains of his palaces,
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今散落一眾宮殿的破瓦頹垣
04:39
and in Haiti’s legacy as the first nation to permanently abolish slavery.
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留在史上首國摒棄奴役的海地傳奇
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