Grammar's great divide: The Oxford comma - TED-Ed

1,770,106 views ใƒป 2014-03-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Say you're helping plan a friend's party,
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ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืืชื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ,
00:09
and he sends you a text
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืœื›ื ืžืกืจื•ืŸ
00:11
asking you to "bring Bob, a DJ and a clown."
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ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื "ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื•ื‘, D.J ืœื™ืฆืŸ."
00:14
You're pretty impressed.
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ืืชื ื“ื™ ืžืชืจืฉืžื™ื.
00:15
You had no idea Bob was so multitalented.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช.
00:17
But when the day arrives,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข,
00:19
it turns out that he's not,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื,
00:21
and you were supposed to bring three different people.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
00:24
As you and Bob sit at the silent, clownless party,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื•ื‘ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื“ื•ืžืžืช ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืœื™ืฆืŸ,
00:27
it occurs to you that the confusion could've been avoided
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžื ืข
00:30
simply by using another comma after DJ.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืกื™ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ืจื™ DJ.
00:34
This final comma in a list,
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ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”,
00:35
placed directly before the main conjunction,
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ืžืžื•ืงื ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฆืจื•ืฃ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
00:38
such as and, or, or nor,
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ื›ืžื• ื•, ืื•, ืื• ืœื,
00:41
is called the serial comma,
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ื ืงืจื ืคืกื™ืง ืกื™ืจื™ืืœื™,
00:42
or Oxford comma.
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ืื• ืคืกื™ืง ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“.
00:44
And it has long driven grammar nerds crazy
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื’ืข ื—ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืคื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘
00:47
because even major language institutions
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ ืฉืคื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื
00:49
can't agree on whether it should be used.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
00:51
Ironically, the Oxford comma
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื”, ืคืกื™ืง ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“
00:53
is more common in the United States,
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ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
00:54
where it's recommended by
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
00:56
the MLA, the Chicago Style Manual,
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ื” MLA, ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
00:58
and the US Government Printing Office,
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ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
01:00
though not by the AP Style Book.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ AP.
01:02
In the UK and other English-speaking countries,
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
01:05
most style guides do not support the comma's use,
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ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืกื™ืง,
01:07
with the exception of its namesake,
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ืขื ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•,
01:09
the Oxford University Press.
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ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“.
01:11
Why not use the serial comma?
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืกื™ืง ืกื™ืจื™ืืœื™?
01:13
One of the main arguments
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื
01:15
is that the conjunction is usually enough
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื•ืฃ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง
01:16
to denote a separate entity.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืžืŸ ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช.
01:18
And where it's not,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•,
01:19
like in your ill-fated invite list,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช,
01:21
changing the order of terms will usually do the job.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
01:24
Journalists also dislike the comma
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ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื’ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ืง
01:26
because it takes up precious space
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืžืงื•ื ื™ืงืจ
01:28
and can make text look cluttered.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ.
01:30
Sometimes, it can even create confusion of its own.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
01:32
For example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
01:34
if your friend had asked for "Bob,
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ืื ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉ "ื‘ื•ื‘,
01:35
a DJ and a puppy,"
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DJ ื•ื’ื•ืจ,"
01:37
you'd probably figure out
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ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืชื‘ื™ื ื•
01:38
that they're three separate beings.
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ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:40
Puppies are cute,
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ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื,
01:41
but they don't make great DJs.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื“ื™ื’'ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:42
With the comma,
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ืขื ื”ืคืกื™ืง,
01:44
you may think
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•
01:45
Bob is the DJ,
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ืฉื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื DJ,
01:46
and all you need is him and the puppy.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจ.
01:48
The argument over the Oxford comma
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ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคืกื™ืง ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“
01:50
has raised such strong passions over the years
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ื”ืขืœืชื” ื›ืืœื” ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื
01:52
that a sort of truce has been reached.
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ืฉืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ.
01:56
The common wisdom is that
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื
01:57
its use is optional,
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™,
01:58
and depends on whether it will help
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ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ
02:00
to avoid confusion.
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ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ.
02:02
For one thing,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช,
02:03
you're supposed to keep your use or avoidance
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ืืชื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื• ื”ื”ืžื ืขื•ืช
02:05
of the Oxford comma
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ืžืคืกื™ืง ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“
02:07
consistent throughout a whole piece of writing.
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ืขื™ืงื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืงื˜ืข ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.
02:09
So, using it only where necessary
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ืื–, ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืจืง ื›ืฉืฆืจื™ืš
02:10
is not an option.
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ื–ื• ืœื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื”.
02:12
And the very idea
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
02:13
of a grammatical rule being optional
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื
02:15
is a bit odd.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
02:17
Imagine that you hadn't messed up the party planning,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื”,
02:19
and read the next day that "everyone had a great time -
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ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื ืฉ"ื›ื•ืœื ื ื”ื ื•
02:21
ninjas, pirates, vikings, old and young."
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ื ื™ื ื’'ื•ืช, ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื, ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื, ื–ืงื ื™ื ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื."
02:24
If the Oxford comma were standard,
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ืื ืคืกื™ืง ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื”ื™ื” ืชืงืŸ,
02:26
you would notice it missing
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ
02:28
and conclude that old and young
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื–ืงืŸ ื•ืฆืขื™ืจ
02:29
must describe the awesome guests already listed.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื.
02:33
But as things stand,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื,
02:34
you will always wonder
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ืืชื ืชืžื™ื“ ืชืชื”ื•
02:35
whether it means
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ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
02:36
that a bunch of regular, boring kids and old people
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ืฉื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืงื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื
02:38
showed up as well.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื’ื ื”ื.
02:40
Ultimately, the serial comma may be useful or annoying,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื”ืกื™ืจื™ืืœื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ืื• ืžืฆื™ืง,
02:43
but your opinion on it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœื™ื•,
02:44
as for many optional things,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื,
02:46
probably has something to do
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืงืฉื•ืจื”
02:47
with whichever style you were raised on.
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ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื’ื“ืœืชื.
02:50
Your high school teachers favored it?
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ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืื•ืชื•?
02:52
It's likely you're still using it.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•.
02:54
Your first editor hated it?
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ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืฉื ื ืื•ืชื•?
02:55
You probably do, too.
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ืื– ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืืชื.
02:57
And maybe so much hairsplitting
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืœื™ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขืจ
02:59
over a tiny squiggle on a page
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ืขืœ ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ
03:01
is a bit silly.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉ.
03:02
After all,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ,
03:03
there are so many bigger problems
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืชื™ ื•ืชืจ
03:04
to worry about.
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ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืžื”ืŸ.
03:05
But sometimes, little things can make a big difference.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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