The Pangaea Pop-up - Michael Molina

872,880 views ใƒป 2014-02-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Once upon a time,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:08
South America lived harmoniously alongside Africa
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ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืœื™ื“ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
00:13
until a crack in the Earth
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ืขื“ ืฉืกื“ืง ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:14
drove the two continents apart.
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ื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
00:16
This breakup began about 200 million years ago
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ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 200 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”
00:20
during the separation of the supercontinent
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืจื•ืง ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืขืœ
00:22
known as Pangaea.
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืคื ื’'ื™ืื”.
00:24
Their proximity back then
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ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•
00:26
explains why the same plant fossils and reptile fossils,
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ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืœืžื” ืื•ืชื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื,
00:29
like the Mesosaurus,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื–ื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก,
00:30
can be found on the South American east coast
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”
00:33
and African west coast.
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
00:35
However, this evidence does not account
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืžืฆื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ
00:37
for how the continents moved apart.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•.
00:39
For that, we'll need to take a close look
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ืœื›ืš, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื‘
00:41
at the earth below our feet.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื’ืœื™ื ื•.
00:43
Though you may not realize it,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
00:45
the ground below you is traveling across the Earth
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ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืชื—ืชื™ื›ื ื ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:48
at a rate of about 10 cm/year,
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 10 ืก"ืž ื‘ืฉื ื”,
00:51
or the speed at which your fingernails grow.
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ืื• ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื›ื ื’ื“ืœื•ืช.
00:54
This is due to plate tectonics,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืงืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช,
00:56
or the large-scale movement of Earth's continents.
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ืื• ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:59
The motion occurs within the top two layers
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช
01:01
of the Earth's mantle,
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ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:03
the lithosphere and asthenosphere.
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ื”ืœื™ื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืืกื˜ื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
01:06
The lithosphere,
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ื”ืœื™ื˜ื•ืกืคืจื”,
01:07
which includes the crust and uppermost mantle,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื•ื ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช,
01:10
comprises the land around you.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื.
01:11
Beneath the lithosphere
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืœื™ื˜ื•ืกืคืจื™ื”
01:13
is the asthenosphere
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ืืกื˜ื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
01:14
the highly viscous but solid rock portion
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ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ื“ ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืื‘ืœ ืกืœืขื™ ืžื•ืฆืง
01:16
of the upper mantle.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.
01:18
It's between 80 and 200 km
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 80 ืœ 200 ืง"ืž
01:20
below the Earth's surface.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:22
While the asthenosphere wraps around the Earth's core
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืกื˜ื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขื•ื˜ืคืช ืืช ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:25
as one connected region,
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ื›ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“,
01:26
the lithosphere is separated on top
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ื”ืœื™ื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช ืœืžืขืœื”
01:28
into tectonic plates.
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ืœืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
01:31
There are seven primary tectonic plates
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื
01:33
that compose the shape of the planet we know today.
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ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:36
Like the other smaller tectonic plates,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:37
the primary plates are about 100 km thick
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ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืง"ืž
01:41
and are composed of one or two layers:
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ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื:
01:44
continental crust and oceanic crust.
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ืงืจื•ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื•ืงืจื•ื ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™.
01:47
Continental crust forms the continents
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ืงืจื•ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช
01:49
and areas of shallow water close to their shores,
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ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืคื™ื,
01:52
whereas oceanic crust forms the ocean basins.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืงืจื•ื ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืื’ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
01:56
The transition from the granitic continental crust
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ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืงืจื•ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ืจื ื™ื˜ื™
01:58
to the basaltic oceanic crust
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ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ื–ืœืชื™
02:00
occurs beyond the continentel shelf,
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ืฃ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™,
02:03
in which the shore suddenly slopes down
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ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืคืชืื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”
02:05
towards the ocean floor.
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ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
02:07
The South American Plate is an example
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ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
02:09
of a tectonic plate made of two crusts:
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ืœืœื•ื— ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉื ื™ ืงืจื•ืžื™ื:
02:12
the continent we know from today's map
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ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื•ืชื” ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
02:13
and a large region of the Atlantic Ocean around it.
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ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
02:17
Collectively comprising the lithosphere,
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ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื™ื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:19
these plates are brittler and stiffer
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ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:21
than the heated, malleable layer of the asthenosphere below.
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ืžืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžืชื—ืช.
02:25
Because of this,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”,
02:26
the tectonic plates float on top of this layer,
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ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฆืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:29
independently of one another.
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ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
02:31
The speed and direction in which these tectonic plates move
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ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ืขื™ื
02:34
depends on the temperature and pressure
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ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืœื—ืฅ
02:35
of the asthenosphere below.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžืชื—ืช.
02:37
Scientists are still trying to nail down
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
02:39
the driving forces behind this movement,
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ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:41
with some theories pointing towards mantle convection,
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ื ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคืช,
02:44
while others are examining
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื—ื ื•ืช
02:46
the influence of the Earth's rotation
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ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
02:47
and gravitational pull.
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ื•ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ืช.
02:49
Though the mechanics have not been sorted out,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื›ืื ื™ืงื” ืœื ื ืกื’ืจื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
02:51
the scientific community agrees
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืžืกื›ื™ืžื”
02:53
that our tectonic plates are moving
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ืฉื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ืขื™ื
02:55
and have been for billions of years.
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ื•ื ืขื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:58
Because these plates move independently,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืขื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ืช,
03:00
a fair amount of pushing and pulling
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื ื›ื‘ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืžืฉื™ื›ื”
03:02
between the plates occurs.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช.
03:04
The first type of interaction
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช
03:05
is a divergent boundary,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื”,
03:07
in which two plates move away from one another.
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ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืขื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
03:09
We see this in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืจื›ืก ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™
03:11
between South America and Africa.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
03:14
The next interaction is when two plates collide,
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ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื,
03:17
known as a convergent boundary.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืกื’ื™ืจื”.
03:19
In this instance, the land is pushed upward
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืื“ืžื” ื ื“ื—ืคืช ืœืžืขืœื”
03:21
to form large mountain ranges,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ืจื™ื,
03:23
like the Himalayas.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ื™ืžืœืื™ื”.
03:24
In fact, the Indian Plate is still colliding
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื ื’ืฉ
03:26
with the Eurasian Plate,
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ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืืกื™ื”-ืืจื•ืคืื™,
03:28
which is why Mount Everest
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจ ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜
03:29
grows one cm/year.
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ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉื ื”.
03:31
Finally, there's the transform boundaries,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ,
03:33
where two plates scrape past one another.
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ื‘ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื’ืจื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:36
The grinding of the transform boundary
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ื”ื’ืจื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ
03:38
leads to many earthquakes,
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื”,
03:39
which is what happens
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
03:40
in the 810 mile-long San Andreas Fault.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ืจ ืกืŸ ืื ื“ืจื™ืืก ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• 1300 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
03:44
The moving Earth is unstoppable,
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ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืขืฆื™ืจื”,
03:45
and, while a shift of 10 cm/year may not seem like a lot,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ 10 ืก"ืž ืœืฉื ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืฉืžืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื”,
03:49
over millions of years our planet will continue
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชืžืฉื™ืš
03:51
to dramatically change.
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ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช.
03:53
Mountains will rise,
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ื”ืจื™ื ื™ืขืœื•,
03:54
shorelines will recede,
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ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื™ืกื•ื’ื•,
03:56
islands will pop up.
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ืื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื•.
03:57
In fact, one projected map shows
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืคื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืื—ืช ืžืจืื”
03:59
the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco
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ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื•ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•
04:01
on top of each other.
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ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
04:04
Maybe South America and Africa
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ืื•ืœื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื”
04:06
will come together again, too.
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ื™ืคื’ืฉื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ื”ืŸ.
04:08
Only time will tell.
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ืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื’ื™ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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