There may be extraterrestrial life in our solar system - Augusto Carballido

521,348 views ใƒป 2019-06-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
Deep in our solar system,
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ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
00:08
a new era of space exploration is unfolding.
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ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ื—ืœืœ ื ืคืจืฉ.
00:12
Beneath the thick ice of Europa,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืขื˜ื” ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืขื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
00:15
in the vapor plumes on Enceladus,
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ื‘ืคืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก,
00:17
and within the methane lakes of Titan,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื’ืžื™ ื”ืžืชืืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ,
00:20
astrobiologists are on the hunt for extraterrestrial life.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื™ื.
00:25
Weโ€™ve honed in on these three moons because each is an โ€˜ocean world,โ€™
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ื”ืชืžืงื“ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื "ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก",
00:30
an environment that contains a liquid oceanโ€“
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื ื•ื–ืœื™ --
00:33
and liquid can support the formation of life.
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ื•ื ื•ื–ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:37
Living organisms have to be able to grow, reproduce, and feed themselves,
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื,
00:42
among other things.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:44
All of those functions require the formation of complex molecules
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ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
00:48
from more basic components.
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ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:50
Liquids such as water allow chemical compounds to remain in suspension
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ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช
00:55
instead of sinking under the force of gravity.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืงื•ืข ืชื—ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
00:58
This enables them to interact frequently in a 3-dimensional space and,
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™,
01:03
in the right conditions,
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ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื,
01:04
go through chemical reactions that lead to the formation of living matter.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื™.
01:09
That alone isnโ€™t enough;
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ื–ื” ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง;
01:12
the small but complex biomolecules that weโ€™re familiar with
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•
01:16
are sensitive to temperatureโ€”
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ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” --
01:18
too hot or cold, and they wonโ€™t mix.
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ืงืจ ืื• ื—ื ืžื“ื™, ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ืชืขื‘ื‘ื•.
01:21
Liquid water has an additional advantage
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ืœืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ
01:24
in that itโ€™s relatively temperature-stable,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”,
01:26
meaning it can insulate molecules against large shifts in heat.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื.
01:31
On Earth, these and other conditions in aquatic environments
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ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
01:35
may have supported the emergence of life billions of years ago.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:39
Tantalizingly, the same could be true in other parts of our solar system,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื™ืื”, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
01:44
like these three icy moons.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
01:48
Europa, which is a moon of Jupiter,
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ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง,
01:50
is probably the most intriguing ocean world.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
01:53
Beneath a surface layer of ice thicker than Mount Everest,
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ืชื—ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืฉืขื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜,
01:57
there exists a liquid ocean as much as 100 kilometers deep.
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ืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 100 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
02:02
Astrobiologists think this hidden ocean could harbor life.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:06
Thanks to the Galileo probe,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ืฉื•ืฉ ื’ืœื™ืœืื•,
02:08
we can deduce that its potential salt content
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืœื— ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•
02:11
is similar to that of some lakes on Earth.
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ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:14
But most of its characteristics will be a mystery until we can explore it further.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื ื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:19
Like Jupiter, Saturn also has moons that might have the right conditions for life.
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื“ืง, ื’ื ืœืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืชื ืื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
02:25
For instanceโ€“ Enceladus is a tiny ball of ice thatโ€™s small enough to nestle
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” -- ืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ืฉืงื˜ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฆื
02:30
within the surface area of the Gulf of Mexico.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฆืจ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
02:33
Similarly to Europa, it likely contains an ocean deep under the ice.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืชื—ืช ืžืขื˜ื” ืขื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื—.
02:38
But Enceladus also has geysers
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื
02:41
that frequently vent water vapor and tiny ice grains into space.
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ืฉืžืื•ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ืงืจื— ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ.
02:46
Astrobiologists are curious about whether these geysers
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื ื”ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:50
are connected to the ocean below.
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžืชื—ืชื™ื•.
02:52
They hope to send a probe to test whether the geysersโ€™ plumes of vapor
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ื”ื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื’ืฉื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื ืคืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื
02:56
contain life-enabling material from that hidden sea.
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ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื.
03:01
Although itโ€™s the best known substance for nurturing life,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:04
water isnโ€™t necessarily the only medium that can support living things.
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ืžื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:09
Take Titan, Saturnโ€™s largest moon,
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™,
03:12
which has a thick nitrogen atmosphere
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื—ื ืงืŸ ืขื‘ื”
03:14
containing methane and many other organic molecules.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžืชืืŸ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:18
Its clouds condense and rain onto Titanโ€™s surface,
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ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžืชืขื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ืฉื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ,
03:22
sustaining lakes and seas full of liquid methane.
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ื•ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื’ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืžืชืืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™.
03:26
This compoundโ€™s particular chemistry means itโ€™s not as supportive a medium as water.
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ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืชื•ืžืš ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื,
03:32
But, paired with the high quantities of organic material
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื
03:35
that also rain down from the sky,
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ืฉื’ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
03:38
these bodies of liquid methane could possibly support unfamiliar life forms.
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ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืชืืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช.
03:44
So what might indicate that life exists on these or other worlds?
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื?
03:49
If it is out there, astrobiologists speculate that it would be microscopic,
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ืื ื”ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื,
03:54
comparable to the bacteria we have on earth.
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ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืขืจืš ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:57
This would make it difficult to directly observe from a great distance,
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงืฉื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
04:01
so astrobiologists seek clues called biosignatures.
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ืื– ืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
04:05
Those may be cells, fossils, or mineral traces left behind by living things.
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ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืื™ื, ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ืื• ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:11
And finding any biosignatures will be challenging for many reasons.
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ื•ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
04:16
One of the biggest concerns
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:18
is to make sure we sterilize our probes extremely thoroughly.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื—ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
04:22
Otherwise we could accidentally contaminate ocean worlds
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ืื—ืจืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื”ื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืืœื”
04:26
with Earthโ€™s own bacteria,
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ืขื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:28
which could destroy alien life.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื™ื.
04:31
Titan, Enceladus, and Europa
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ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
04:34
are just three of possibly many ocean worlds that we could explore.
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ื”ื ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
04:38
We already know of several other candidates in our solar system,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
04:42
including Jupiterโ€™s moons Callisto and Ganymede,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง - ืงืœื™ืกื˜ื• ื•ื’ื ื™ืžื“,
04:46
Neptuneโ€™s Triton, and even Pluto.
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ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืœื•ื˜ื•.
04:49
If thereโ€™s this much potential for life to exist in our own tiny solar system,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
04:54
what unimagined secrets might the rest of the universe contain?
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ืื™ืœื• ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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