The rise and fall of the Celtic warriors - Philip Freeman

1,246,797 views ใƒป 2020-07-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
One summer evening in 335 BCE, Alexander the Great
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ืขืจื‘ ืงื™ืฅ ืื—ื“ ื‘ 335 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:12
was resting by the Danube River after a day of fighting the Scythian tribes
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ื ื— ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื˜ื™ืื ื™ื
00:17
when a band of strangers approached his camp.
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ื›ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื” ืœืžื—ื ื”.
00:21
Alexander had never seen anything like these tall,
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ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื,
00:24
fierce-looking warriors with huge golden neck rings and colorful cloaksโ€”
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืžืื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช --
00:30
so he invited them to feast with him.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœืกืขื•ื“ ืื™ืชื•.
00:33
They proudly said they were Keltoi or Celts who came from the far-away Alps.
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืœื˜ื•ื™ ืื• ืงืœื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืืœืคื™ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื.
00:40
Alexander asked what they feared the most in the world,
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ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื ืžืžื” ืคื—ื“ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:44
hoping they would say him.
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ื•ืงื™ื•ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืฉื”ื•ื.
00:46
They laughed and said they feared nothing at all.
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ื”ื ืฆื—ืงื• ื•ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
00:50
This is one of the earliest stories about the ancient Celts.
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื.
00:54
While we donโ€™t know where the first Celts came from,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•,
00:57
by Alexanderโ€™s time they had spread across Europe
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
01:01
from Asia Minor in the east to Spain
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ืžืืกื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืขื“ ืœืกืคืจื“
01:04
and the Atlantic islands of Britain and Ireland in the west.
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ื•ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.
01:09
The Celts were never one unified empire, and they didnโ€™t build cities or monuments.
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ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ื•ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื ื• ืขืจื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื.
01:15
Instead, they were hundreds of independent tribes who spoke the same language.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื” ืฉืคื”.
01:21
Each had its own warrior-king and religious center.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ืœื•ื—ื ื•ืžืจื›ื– ื“ืชื™.
01:25
The tribes fought each other
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ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™
01:27
as enthusiastically as they fought their enemies.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื”ื.
01:31
Few armies could stand up to them.
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ืžืขื˜ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื™ื”ื.
01:33
Somewhat unusually for the time, the Celts believed in reincarnationโ€”
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืคื”, ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช --
01:38
that they would be reborn on Earth to live and feast and fight again,
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืœื—ื ืฉื•ื‘,
01:43
which may have contributed to their fearlessness in battle.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืชืจื ืœื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืงืจื‘.
01:47
Some of them fought naked, scoffing at their enemiesโ€™ armor.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ืขืจื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืฆื—ืงื• ืขืœ ืžื’ื ื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘.
ื”ืคืจืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•ื—ื ืงืœื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง
01:52
The greatest trophy a Celtic warrior could possess
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01:55
was the severed head of a foe.
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ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘.
01:58
They preserved these heads in jars of cedar oil
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืจื• ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ ืืจื–
02:01
and showed them to guests who visited their homes.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื™ื”ื.
02:05
Celtic warriors were so valued in the ancient world
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ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง
02:08
that foreign kings often hired them as mercenary soldiers
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ืฉืžืœื›ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ ื—ืจื‘
02:13
to serve in their armies.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:15
But the Celts were much more than just warriors.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืง ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื.
02:17
Among them were many skilled craftsmen, artists, and great poets called bards.
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ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื, ืืžื ื™ื, ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืืจื“ื™ื.
02:24
The bards sang of the brave deeds of their ancestors
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ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื”ื
02:28
and praised the accomplishments of warrior kingsโ€”
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ื•ื”ื™ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื --
02:31
and composed biting satires about cowardly or selfish leaders.
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ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืกื˜ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืคื—ื“ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื.
02:36
The Celts worshipped many gods,
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ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื ืกื’ื“ื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœื™ื,
02:38
and priests known as druids oversaw this worship.
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ื•ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื“ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืงื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื’ื™ื“ื”.
02:43
Anyone could become a druid,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื“ืจื•ืื™ื“,
02:45
but the training required many years of study and memorizationโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ --
02:49
the druids were not allowed to record any of their teachings in writing.
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ืœื“ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืขื“ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืชื‘.
02:54
Druids supervised religious practices and sacrifices to the gods,
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ื”ื“ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืงื—ื• ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื™ื ื•ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืืœื™ื,
02:59
but they were also teachers, healers, judges, and scientists.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืžืจืคืื™ื, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื.
03:04
They were so respected that they could step between warring tribes
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ื”ื ื›ื•ื‘ื“ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื
03:09
in the middle of a battle and call an end to the fighting.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืงืจื‘ ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”.
03:13
No Celt would dare to harm a druid, or question their decisions.
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ืืฃ ืงืœื˜ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื– ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื“ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื, ืื• ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:18
In the 2nd century BCE, the Romans began to encroach on Celtic territory,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงืœื˜ื™ื•ืช,
03:24
conquering the tribes of northern Italy.
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ื”ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”.
03:27
Rather than unite against the Roman legions in response to this defeat,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืื—ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืกื”,
03:32
the Celts maintained their tribal divisions.
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ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:35
The tribes of Spain fell soon after.
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ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ ื ืคืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
03:38
In the 1st century BCE, Julius Caesar marched his armies across France,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฆืจืคืช,
03:44
using bribery, threats, and lies to turn tribes against each other.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืฉืงืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:49
Only in the closing days of this great war
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ืจืง ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
03:53
did the Celts unite against their common enemy
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ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
03:56
under the leadership of king Vercingetorix,
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ืชื—ืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืจืงื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืจื™ืงืก,
03:59
but it was too late.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.
04:00
Countless warriors and their families died or were enslaved
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื• ืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื•
04:04
as the Romans conquered France.
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ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ืฆืจืคืช.
04:07
Protected by the surrounding waters,
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ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื,
04:09
the Celtic tribes of Britain and Ireland were the last holdouts.
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ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
04:14
When the Romans finally invaded Britain,
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ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืคืœืฉื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
04:17
the queen Boudicca united her tribe in a revolt after her husband was killed.
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ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงื” ืื™ื—ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืขืœื” ื ื”ืจื’.
04:23
She almost succeeded in driving the Roman legions out of Britain
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
04:27
before dying as she led a final battle against the enemy.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืชื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘.
04:32
By the end of the 1st century CE, Ireland alone, far out at sea,
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ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ืœื‘ื“ื”, ื”ืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื,
04:38
remained unconquered by Rome.
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ื ืฉืืจื” ืœื ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืžื.
04:40
There, the ways of the ancient Celts survived untouched by the outside world
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ืฉื, ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืจื“ื• ืœืœื ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™
04:46
long after Rome itself lay in ruins.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืจื•ืžื ืขืฆืžื” ื ื—ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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