The rise and fall of the Celtic warriors - Philip Freeman

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2020-07-20 ・ TED-Ed


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The rise and fall of the Celtic warriors - Philip Freeman

1,267,049 views ・ 2020-07-20

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
One summer evening in 335 BCE, Alexander the Great
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기원전 335λ…„ ν•œ 여름 λ°€, μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ” λŒ€μ™•μ΄
00:12
was resting by the Danube River after a day of fighting the Scythian tribes
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μŠ€ν‹°μΉ΄μ΄ 쑱과의 ν•˜λ£¨ κ°„μ˜ μ „μŸ ν›„ λ‹€λ‰΄λΈŒκ°• μ˜†μ—μ„œ 쉬고 있던 쀑
00:17
when a band of strangers approached his camp.
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λ‚―μ„  무리가 그의 μ•Όμ˜μ§€λ‘œ λ‹€κ°€μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
Alexander had never seen anything like these tall,
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μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ” λŒ€μ™•μ€ μ΄λ“€μ²˜λŸΌ ν‚€κ°€ 크고 λ§Ήλ ¬ν•œ 전사λ₯Ό λ³Έ 적이 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
fierce-looking warriors with huge golden neck rings and colorful cloaksβ€”
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이듀은 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 금λͺ©κ±Έμ΄μ™€ ν™”λ €ν•œ 망토λ₯Ό 걸치고 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
so he invited them to feast with him.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 왕은 이듀을 μΆ•μ œμ— μ΄ˆλŒ€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
They proudly said they were Keltoi or Celts who came from the far-away Alps.
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그듀은 λ¨Ό μ•Œν”„μŠ€ μΆœμ‹ μ˜ 켈트쑱이라고 μžλΆ€μ‹¬μ„ λ‹΄μ•„ μžμ‹ λ“€μ„ μ†Œκ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
Alexander asked what they feared the most in the world,
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μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ”λŠ” μ„Έμƒμ—μ„œ 무엇을 κ°€μž₯ λ‘λ €μ›Œν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
hoping they would say him.
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μžμ‹ μ΄λΌκ³  λ‹΅ν•΄μ£ΌκΈΈ λ°”λΌλŠ” λ§ˆμŒμœΌλ‘œμš”.
00:46
They laughed and said they feared nothing at all.
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그듀은 μ›ƒμœΌλ©° 아무것도 두렡지 μ•Šλ‹€κ³  λŒ€λ‹΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
This is one of the earliest stories about the ancient Celts.
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이것은 κ³ λŒ€ 켈트쑱의 초기의 이야기 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
While we don’t know where the first Celts came from,
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졜초 켈트쑱의 μœ λž˜λŠ” μ•Œ 수 μ—†μ§€λ§Œ
00:57
by Alexander’s time they had spread across Europe
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이듀은 μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ” μ‹œλŒ€μ— μœ λŸ½μ„ κ°€λ‘œμ§ˆλŸ¬
01:01
from Asia Minor in the east to Spain
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동μͺ½μ˜ μ†Œμ•„μ‹œμ•„μ™€ 슀페인,
01:04
and the Atlantic islands of Britain and Ireland in the west.
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그리고 λΈŒλ¦¬νƒ€λ‹ˆμ•„μ˜ λŒ€μ„œμ–‘ 섬과 μ„œμͺ½μ˜ μ•„μΌλžœλ“œκΉŒμ§€ νΌμ Έμžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
The Celts were never one unified empire, and they didn’t build cities or monuments.
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이듀은 같은 제ꡭ으둜 ν†΅ν•©λœ 적이 μ—†κ³  λ„μ‹œλ‚˜ 기념물을 짓지 μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .
01:15
Instead, they were hundreds of independent tribes who spoke the same language.
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κ·Έλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 같은 μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 수백 개의 독립 λΆ€μ‘±μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
Each had its own warrior-king and religious center.
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이듀은 각자의 μ™•κ³Ό 각각의 쒅ꡐ 쀑심지가 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
01:25
The tribes fought each other
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이듀은 적ꡰ과 μ‹Έμš°λ“―μ΄
01:27
as enthusiastically as they fought their enemies.
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μ„œλ‘œ μ—΄μ„±μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‹Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
Few armies could stand up to them.
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μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ λŒ€μ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ΅°λŒ€λŠ” 거의 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
Somewhat unusually for the time, the Celts believed in reincarnationβ€”
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κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œλ‘œμ¨λŠ” λ…νŠΉν•˜κ²Œλ„ μΌˆνŠΈμ‘±μ€ ν™˜μƒμ„ λ―Ώμ–΄μ„œ
01:38
that they would be reborn on Earth to live and feast and fight again,
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μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ λ‹€μ‹œ μ‚΄κ³  즐기고 μ‹Έμš°κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ‹€μ‹œ νƒœμ–΄λ‚œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
01:43
which may have contributed to their fearlessness in battle.
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 그런 이유둜 μ „νˆ¬μ—μ„œ 더 μš©λ§Ήν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
Some of them fought naked, scoffing at their enemies’ armor.
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” 적의 κ°‘μ˜·μ„ λΉ„μ›ƒμœΌλ©° λ²Œκ±°λ²—μ€ μ±„λ‘œ μ‹Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
켈트쑱 전사가 κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ” κ°€μž₯ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ „λ¦¬ν’ˆμ€
01:52
The greatest trophy a Celtic warrior could possess
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01:55
was the severed head of a foe.
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적ꡰ의 잘린 λ¨Έλ¦¬μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
They preserved these heads in jars of cedar oil
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그듀은 이 머리λ₯Ό ν–₯λ‚˜λ¬΄ 였일이 λ“  병에 λ³΄κ΄€ν•˜κ³ 
02:01
and showed them to guests who visited their homes.
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집에 λ°©λ¬Έν•˜λŠ” μ†λ‹˜μ—κ²Œ μžλž‘ν–ˆμ£ .
02:05
Celtic warriors were so valued in the ancient world
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켈트쑱 μ „μ‚¬λŠ” κ³ λŒ€μ— 맀우 높이 ν‰κ°€λ°›μ•˜κΈ°μ—
02:08
that foreign kings often hired them as mercenary soldiers
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νƒ€κ΅­μ˜ 왕이 이듀을 μš©λ³‘μœΌλ‘œ κ³ μš©ν•΄
02:13
to serve in their armies.
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μžμ‹ μ˜ κ΅°λŒ€μ—μ„œ λ³΅λ¬΄μ‹œν‚€λ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
But the Celts were much more than just warriors.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 켈트쑱의 강점은 μ „μ‚¬λΏλ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
Among them were many skilled craftsmen, artists, and great poets called bards.
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μ „λ¬Έ κ³΅μ˜ˆκ°€, μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€ 그리고 λ°”λ“œλΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ” ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ‹œμΈλ„ λ§Žμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
The bards sang of the brave deeds of their ancestors
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λ°”λ“œλŠ” μ‘°μƒμ˜ μš©κ°ν•œ 업적을 λ…Έλž˜ν•˜κ³ 
02:28
and praised the accomplishments of warrior kingsβ€”
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μ™•μ˜ 업적을 기렸으며
02:31
and composed biting satires about cowardly or selfish leaders.
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λ˜ν•œ λΉ„μ—΄ν•˜κ³  이기적인 μ§€λ„μžλ₯Ό ν’μžν•˜λŠ” μ‹œλ₯Ό μ§€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
The Celts worshipped many gods,
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μΌˆνŠΈμ‘±μ€ λ§Žμ€ 신을 μˆ­λ°°ν–ˆκ³ ,
02:38
and priests known as druids oversaw this worship.
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λ“œλ£¨μ΄λ“œλΌκ³  μ•Œλ €μ§„ μ‚¬λŠ” 예배λ₯Ό κ°λ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
Anyone could become a druid,
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ λ“œλ£¨μ΄λ“œκ°€ 될 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
02:45
but the training required many years of study and memorizationβ€”
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μˆ˜λ…„κ°„μ˜ ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό μ•”κΈ°κ°€ ν•„μš”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
the druids were not allowed to record any of their teachings in writing.
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λ“œλ£¨μ΄λ“œλŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ¨μ„ λ¬Έμ„œν™”ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
Druids supervised religious practices and sacrifices to the gods,
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이듀은 쒅ꡐ적 ν™œλ™κ³Ό μ œλ¬Όμ„ κ°λ…ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:59
but they were also teachers, healers, judges, and scientists.
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λ™μ‹œμ— ꡐ사, μΉ˜μœ μ‚¬, νŒμ‚¬ 그리고 κ³Όν•™μžμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
They were so respected that they could step between warring tribes
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그듀은 ν•œμ°½ μ „μŸ 쀑인 뢀쑱을 μ€‘μž¬ν•˜μ—¬
03:09
in the middle of a battle and call an end to the fighting.
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μ‹Έμ›€μ˜ 끝을 선포 ν•  μ •λ„λ‘œ λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ μ‘΄κ²½λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
No Celt would dare to harm a druid, or question their decisions.
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감히 μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ ν•΄λ₯Ό μž…νžˆκ±°λ‚˜ 결정에 λ°˜λ°•ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μΌˆνŠΈμ‘±μ€ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
In the 2nd century BCE, the Romans began to encroach on Celtic territory,
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기원전 2세기에, λ‘œλ§ˆμΈλ“€μ΄ 켈트쑱의 μ˜μ—­μ„ μΉ¨λ²”ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ—¬
03:24
conquering the tribes of northern Italy.
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μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„ λΆλΆ€μ˜ 뢀쑱을 μ •λ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
Rather than unite against the Roman legions in response to this defeat,
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이 패배 이후 λ‘œλ§ˆκ΅°μ— λŒ€ν•­ν•΄ 뢀쑱을 κ²°ν•©ν•˜λŠ” 것 λŒ€μ‹ μ—
03:32
the Celts maintained their tribal divisions.
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μΌˆνŠΈμ‘±μ€ λΆ€μ‘±μ˜ 뢄리λ₯Ό κ³ μˆ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
The tribes of Spain fell soon after.
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곧이어 슀페인의 뢀쑱이 ν•¨λ½λ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
In the 1st century BCE, Julius Caesar marched his armies across France,
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기원전 1μ„ΈκΈ°, μ€„λ¦¬μ–΄μŠ€ μ‹œμ €λŠ” ν”„λž‘μŠ€λ₯Ό κ°€λ‘œμ§ˆλŸ¬ ν–‰κ΅°ν–ˆκ³ 
03:44
using bribery, threats, and lies to turn tribes against each other.
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λ‡Œλ¬Ό, ν˜‘λ°• 그리고 거짓말을 μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ 뢀쑱을 μ΄κ°„μ§ˆ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
Only in the closing days of this great war
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μΌˆνŠΈμ‘±μ€ 이 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ „μŸμ΄ 끝날 λ•Œκ°€ λ˜μ–΄μ„œμ•Ό
03:53
did the Celts unite against their common enemy
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λ² λ₯΄ν‚¨κ²Œν† λ¦­μŠ€ μ™•μ˜ μ§€λ„ν•˜μ—
03:56
under the leadership of king Vercingetorix,
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κ³΅ν†΅μ˜ 적에 λŒ€ν•­ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν˜‘λ ₯ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:59
but it was too late.
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λ•ŒλŠ” 이미 λŠ¦μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
Countless warriors and their families died or were enslaved
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μ…€ 수 없이 λ§Žμ€ 전사와 κ·Έ 가쑱이 μ‚¬λ§ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ λ…Έμ˜ˆκ°€ λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
as the Romans conquered France.
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둜마인이 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μΈμ„ μ •λ³΅ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
04:07
Protected by the surrounding waters,
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μ£Όλ³€μ˜ λ°”λ‹€λ‘œ 보호λ₯Ό 받은
04:09
the Celtic tribes of Britain and Ireland were the last holdouts.
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λΈŒλ¦¬νƒ€λ‹ˆμ•„μ™€ μ•„μΌλžœλ“œμ˜ μΌˆνŠΈμ‘±μ€ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ €ν•­μžμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
When the Romans finally invaded Britain,
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λ‘œλ§ˆμΈλ“€μ΄ λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ λΈŒλ¦¬νƒ€λ‹ˆμ•„λ₯Ό μΉ¨λž΅ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
04:17
the queen Boudicca united her tribe in a revolt after her husband was killed.
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μ—¬μ™• λΆ€λ””μΉ΄λŠ” λ‚¨νŽΈμ΄ μ‚΄ν•΄λ‹Ήν•œ κ²ƒμ˜ 반감으둜 뢀쑱을 ν†΅ν•©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
She almost succeeded in driving the Roman legions out of Britain
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ‘œλ§ˆκ΅°μ„ λΈŒλ¦¬νƒ€λ‹ˆμ•„μ—μ„œ λͺ°μ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 것에 거의 μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:27
before dying as she led a final battle against the enemy.
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적과의 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ „μŸμ„ μ§€νœ˜ν•˜λ‹€ μ „μ‚¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
By the end of the 1st century CE, Ireland alone, far out at sea,
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μ„œκΈ° 1μ„ΈκΈ° 말 μ¦ˆμŒμ—λŠ”, μ•„μΌλžœλ“œλ§Œμ΄ λ¨Έλ‚˜λ¨Ό λ°”λ‹€μ—μ„œ
04:38
remained unconquered by Rome.
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λ‘œλ§ˆμ— μ •λ³΅λ‹Ήν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μ±„λ‘œ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
There, the ways of the ancient Celts survived untouched by the outside world
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κ³ λŒ€ 켈트쑱의 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” λ‘œλ§ˆκ°€ νν—ˆκ°€ 된 후에도
04:46
long after Rome itself lay in ruins.
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μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ μ™ΈλΆ€ 세계에 영ν–₯받지 μ•Šμ€ μ±„λ‘œ μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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