How to think about gravity - Jon Bergmann

459,256 views ใƒป 2012-09-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Ido Dekkers Reviewer: Ariana Bleau Lugo
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Mark Freehoff
00:14
So what is gravity?
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ืžื”ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”?
00:16
I bet most of you think it's:
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื”:
00:18
"What goes up,
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"ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืœื”,
00:20
must come down!" Is that right?
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืจื“ืช!" - ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:24
Well, sorta, but not really.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืžืฉ.
00:26
Technically, the law of gravity is an equation.
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ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื•ืื”.
00:29
It is: F = G x M1 x M2 / R^2,
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ื–ื” F ืฉื•ื•ื” G ื›ืคื•ืœ M1 ื›ืคื•ืœ M2 ืœื—ืœืง ืœR ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข,
00:33
where G is the universal gravitational constant,
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ื›ืฉG ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™,
00:36
M1 and M2 are the masses of the two objects,
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M1 ื• M2 ื”ื ื”ืžืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื,
00:38
and R is the distance between them squared.
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ื• R ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข.
00:40
That was easy, right?
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:42
Probably not. What does this actually mean?
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื. ืžื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžืขืฉื”?
00:45
Well it means that - well, everything is attracted to everything else.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ - ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ืœ ื ืžืฉืš ืœื”ื›ืœ.
00:50
What I mean by that is if you have two objects, any two objects,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื”,
00:54
they are attracted to each other. OK.
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ื”ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
00:57
Let's try and wrap our minds around this.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
00:59
What happens when you drop a rock off a cliff?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืคื™ืœื™ื ืื‘ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืง?
01:01
It falls to the earth. Right?
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืคืœืช ืœืื“ืžื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:03
Well, yes, but something else happens.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ืจื”.
01:07
You see, the law of gravity says that both objects,
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื,
01:10
the rock and the earth, are attracted to each other.
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ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื”ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™.
01:14
This means that the rock falls towards the earth,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืคืœืช ืœืงืจืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:16
and the earth falls towards the rock.
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ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ.
01:19
Wait a second - you mean to tell me that if - the earth falls up to meet the rock?
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ื—ื›ื” ืฉื ื™ื” - ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื™ ืฉืื - ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ?
01:24
Yes, that's exactly what I'm saying.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ.
01:27
And the reason you don't see the earth fall up to meet the rock
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ
01:29
is because the objects move towards each other proportionate to their respective masses.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขืฆืžื™ื ื ืขื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืœืžืกื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
01:34
The earth is much much much more massive than the rock,
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื”ืื‘ืŸ,
01:37
so it moves a very very small distance,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื–ื– ืžืจื—ืง ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื“ ืงื˜ืŸ,
01:40
and the rock is much less massive, so it moves farther
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ื•ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื– ื”ื™ื ื–ื–ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:44
with respect to the earth.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:46
Maybe a better way to understand gravity is to take two teenagers
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ืื•ืœื™ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ
01:49
in spacesuits, and place them far out in space - away from all the planets and the stars.
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ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื—ืœืœ, ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ืจื—ืง ื‘ื—ืœืœ - ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
01:53
It turns out they will be attracted to each other.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ืžืฉื›ื• ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
01:56
I'm not talking about that kind of attraction.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื›ื”.
01:59
See, they have mass, and since they have mass,
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ืจืื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืกื”, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืกื”,
02:02
they will move towards each other.
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ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืขื• ืื—ื“ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.
02:04
They are attracted to each other.
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ื”ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
02:07
Maybe one more thing might help. Have you ever played with two magnets?
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ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ. ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉื™ื—ืงืชื ื‘ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื?
02:10
You know, the magnets with the north and the south poles?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ื“ืจื•ืžื™?
02:12
When you take the magnets and put them closer to each other,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืงืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
02:15
they move together. They are attracted to each other.
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ื”ื ื–ื–ื™ื ื–ื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื–ื”. ื”ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
02:18
And the closer they are, the stronger the attraction.
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ื•ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”.
02:21
Think of the mass of the object like the strength of a magnet
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜
02:24
and the distance between the objects like the distance between the two magnets.
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ื•ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื.
02:28
Now understand, I'm not saying that gravity and magnetism are the same,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื‘ื™ื ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ื,
02:32
they just behave in a similar way.
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ื”ื ืจืง ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื”.
02:35
Let's think of one other thing - astronauts.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• - ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื.
02:37
You know, astronauts, they weigh less on the moon
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
02:39
than on the earth. Why is that?
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœืžื” ื–ื”?
02:42
Well you see, the moon is less massive than the earth.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:46
Therefore it has a smaller gravitational pull on the astronaut.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื—ืœืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜.
02:49
It's like the moon is a weaker magnet.
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื ื˜ ื—ืœืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:51
They aren't as attracted to each other.
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ื”ื ืœื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
02:53
Distance also plays a role. Think back to playing with a magnet.
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ืžืจื—ืง ื’ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“. ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื.
02:56
The pull of the magnets towards each other
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ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™
02:59
are stronger when they are closer together. The same is true of gravity.
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ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
03:03
For example, the sun is the most massive object near the earth.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืžืกื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:06
It dictates most of the gravitational forces in our solar system.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:09
It is very very massive. But it is relatively far away,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืกื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืจื—ื•ืงื”,
03:14
so even though the sun is a much stronger magnet, so to speak,
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ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื ื˜ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
03:17
it is a long ways away.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืงื”.
03:20
Therefore the attraction isn't as strong.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื”.
03:23
So let's look back at that law of gravity.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
03:25
The equation: F = G x M1 x M2 / R ^2.
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ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื”: F ืฉื•ื•ื” G ื›ืคื•ืœ M1,M2 ื—ืœืงื™ R ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข.
03:30
You see the force of gravity is equal to a number.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ.
03:33
That's that universal gravitational constant G
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ื–ื” ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ G
03:36
times the mass of object one, times the mass of object two.
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ื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ืื—ื“, ื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
03:39
Think of M1 being the mass of the sun
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ M1 ื›ืžืกืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
03:42
and M2 being the mass of the earth.
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ื•M2 ื›ืžืกืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:44
And then we divide by the distance between them squared.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข.
03:48
This determines the force of attraction between the sun and earth.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:51
You could just as easily plug in your mass
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœื›ื
03:54
and the earth's mass and the distance between you and the center of the earth,
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ื•ืžืกืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:59
and find out how much you are attracted to the earth,
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืžื” ืืชื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:01
and the earth attracted to you.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืœื™ื›ื.
04:03
So, what's gravity?
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ืื–, ืžื”ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”?
04:05
Everything is attracted to everything else.
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฉืš ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
04:08
Everything. Oh, one last thing,
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ื”ื›ืœ. ืื•, ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
04:11
just to make you wonder. What causes gravity?
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœืชื”ื•ืช. ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”?
04:14
Why are two objects with mass attracted to each other?
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ืœืžื” ืฉื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืกื” ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™?
04:17
Well, the answer is -
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื -
04:20
We don't know.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
04:21
The cause of gravity remains a mystery to scientists.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื ืฉืืจืช ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื.
04:24
We don't really know conclusively what causes gravity.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
04:28
It is one of the great mysteries of science.
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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