What happened when these 6 dictators took over? - Stephanie Honchell Smith

638,530 views ใƒป 2024-05-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
"ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ื•ื”ืขื ืื™ื ื• ื›ื” ื—ืœืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื" - ื’'ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจืค
00:06
According to legend, the ancient Roman statesman Cincinnatus
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โ€ซืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื”, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืกื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ืกโ€ฌ
00:10
was plowing his fields when news arrived that the Aequi,
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โ€ซื—ืจืฉ ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืœื™ืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืงื•ื•ื™,โ€ฌ
00:14
Romeโ€™s powerful enemy to the east, had invaded.
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โ€ซืื•ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ืžืžื–ืจื—.โ€ฌ
00:17
Rome was in need of swift, decisive action,
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โ€ซืจื•ืžื ื ื–ืงืงื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืžื›ืจื™ืขื”,โ€ฌ
00:20
and the senate had chosen him to serve as dictator,
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โ€ซื•ื”ืกื ืื˜ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ,โ€ฌ ืจื•ื“ืŸ,
00:24
with absolute power over the military and government.
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ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ.โ€ฌ
00:27
Cincinnatus set down his plow, took control and,
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โ€ซืกื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ืก ื ื˜ืฉ ืืช ืžื—ืจืฉืชื•, ื ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ
00:31
in a matter of weeks, saved Rome.
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โ€ซื•ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืจื•ืžื.โ€ฌ
00:34
This story reinforces the myth of the โ€œbenevolent dictatorโ€โ€”
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โ€ซืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ โ€œื”ืจื•ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘โ€ -โ€ฌ
00:39
the idea of a leader who holds absolute power,
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โ€ซื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ื—ืœื˜,โ€ฌ
00:42
yet only uses it for the common good, to address problems efficiently,
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โ€ซืืš ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืจืง ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ,โ€ฌ
โ€ซื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช โ€ซื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฆื•ื“ืง.โ€ฌ
00:47
and create a just regime.
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00:49
But can a truly benevolent dictator exist in todayโ€™s world?
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โ€ซืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื“ืŸ ื ื“ื™ื‘?
00:54
Nations established modern democracies to safeguard
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โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช
ื›ื”ื’ื ื” โ€ซืžืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
00:58
against the potentially destructive whims of a single individual.
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01:04
When functioning properly, democracies enable a society to be freer,
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โ€ซื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,โ€ฌ
01:08
and provide stability by protecting against corruption and the abuse of power.
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โ€ซื•ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—.โ€ฌ
01:14
This is accomplished by holding regular, free, and fair elections,
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โ€ซื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช,โ€ฌ
01:19
imposing term limits,
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ืื›ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื”,โ€ฌ
01:20
and establishing strong legislative branches and court systems.
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โ€ซื•ื”ืงืžืช ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.โ€ฌ
01:26
Maintaining a free press also helps keep politicians accountable for their actions
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โ€ซืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื’ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื™ื”ืโ€ฌ
01:31
and encourages citizens to engage in their governments and communities.
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โ€ซื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื โ€ซื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”.โ€ฌ
01:35
In a dictatorship, absolute or near-absolute power
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โ€ซื‘ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื”, ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืื• ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜โ€ฌ
01:39
is held by a single individual
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.โ€ฌ
01:41
who is free to impose their vision on society.
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01:44
Under certain conditions, the idea of a dictator can sound appealing,
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โ€ซื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืžื•ืฉืš,โ€ฌ
01:49
like when a democracy isn't functioning as it should due to corruption,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช,โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื• ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.โ€ฌ
01:52
economic instability, or extreme political polarization.
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01:56
At these moments,
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โ€ซื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”,โ€ฌ
01:58
people may be willing to give up some democratic rights and freedoms
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉโ€ซืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
ืžืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.โ€ฌ
02:02
for hopes of a better future.
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02:03
Authoritarian-leaning leaders present themselves
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โ€ซืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ื›ืœ.โ€ฌ
02:07
as the ones who can fix everything.
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02:09
They distill complex problems into simple talking points
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โ€ซื”ื ืžื–ืงืงื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืชโ€ฌ
02:12
and promise quick solutions.
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โ€ซื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื.โ€ฌ
02:14
Some of the most overt authoritarian leaders have taken this strategy,
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โ€ซื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืงื˜ื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•,โ€ฌ
02:18
including military dictators who seized control through coups
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โ€ซื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืฉืชืคืกื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืชโ€ฌ,
02:22
like Augusto Pinochet, Mobuto Sese Seko, and Muammar Gaddafi.
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โ€ซื›ืžื• ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื• ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื”, ืžื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื• ืกืกื” ืกืงื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžื•ืขืžืจ ืงื“ืืคื™.โ€ฌ
02:27
Gaddafi, for example, initially asserted himself as a revolutionary hero,
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โ€ซืงื“ืืคื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™,โ€ฌ
02:32
canceling the country's exploitative foreign oil contracts.
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โ€ซื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื–ืจื™ื โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.โ€ฌ
02:36
But the longer he was in power, the more riddled with paranoia he became.
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โ€ซืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•, ื›ืš ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคืจื ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื•.โ€ฌ
02:41
Like Pinochet and Mobuto, he used his position to target and torture opponents,
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โ€ซื›ืžื• ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื” ื•ืžื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื•,
ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• โ€ซื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื• ื•ืœืขื ื•ืชื,โ€ฌ
02:46
embark on campaigns of mass violence against everyday people,
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โ€ซืœืฆืืช ืœืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ืโ€ฌ
02:50
and build an enormous personal fortune.
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โ€ซื•ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขืฆื•ื.โ€ฌ
02:53
Other modern dictators were initially elected democratically,
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ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™,โ€ฌ
02:57
then strategically accumulated power by embracing authoritarian forms of control.
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โ€ซื•ืื– ืฆื‘ืจื• ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
03:02
Italyโ€™s Benito Mussolini and Germanyโ€™s Adolf Hitler, for example,
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โ€ซื‘ื ื™ื˜ื• ืžื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื•ืื“ื•ืœืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ,โ€ฌ
03:07
gained popularity during waves of mass discontent.
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โ€ซื–ื›ื• ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื’ืœื™ืโ€ฌ ืฉืœ โ€ซืื™-ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื.โ€ฌ
03:10
Both channeled economic woes into racist rhetoric and embraced fascism,
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โ€ซืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ื•ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื,โ€ฌ
03:15
a type of authoritarianism which exalts the importance of one nation, or race,
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โ€ซืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื‘ โ€ซืื•ืžื” ืื—ืช ืื• ื’ื–ืข ืื—ื“โ€ฌ
03:21
above all others.
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โ€ซืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.โ€ฌ
03:23
Once in office, such leaders gradually dismantle checks on their power,
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โ€ซืœืื—ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื›ืืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื,โ€ฌ
03:27
including removing judges who might rule against them,
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โ€ซื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืกื•ืง ื ื’ื“ื,โ€ฌ
03:31
abolishing term limits,
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โ€ซื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื”,โ€ฌ
03:32
or refusing to acknowledge unfavorable election results.
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โ€ซืื• ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื-ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ
03:36
Since they punish dissenting voices,
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ื”ื ืžืขื ื™ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื,โ€ฌ
03:39
dictators are often surrounded with yes-men,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืžืจื™-ื”ืŸ
03:41
who are promoted based on loyalty over expertise,
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โ€ซืฉื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ืืžื ื•ืชื ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื•ืชื,โ€ฌ
03:45
ultimately wreaking incalculable economic, social, and environmental costs.
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โ€ซื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื•ืขืจื•.
03:50
But these costs can also be hidden from view.
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โ€ซืื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ.โ€ฌ
03:54
Dictators build up cults of personality by minimizing negative coverage
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ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื“ื™ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™โ€ฌ
03:59
and pushing positive propaganda that presents them as strong or heroic.
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ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” โ€ฌโ€ซืื•ืชื ื›ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืื• ื”ืจื•ืื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ
04:04
This can make it almost impossible to accurately measure their success.
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โ€ซื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.โ€ฌ
04:08
Did Mussolini really make the trains run on time?
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โ€ซื”ืื ืžื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืจื ืœืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ?โ€ฌ
04:11
Itโ€™s hard to know, since he would have punished those who said otherwise.
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โ€ซืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื ื™ืฉ โ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ืืœื” ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ืื—ืจืช.โ€ฌ
04:16
While some modern dictators have brought modest growth
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โ€ซื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžื™ื“ื” ืฆื ื•ืขื”โ€ฌ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
04:19
to their nationโ€™s economies and industries,
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โ€ซืœื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื,โ€ฌ
04:21
most have enriched the few and left widespread destruction in their wake.
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โ€ซืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืจืก ื ืจื—ื‘.โ€ฌ
04:26
Even so-called benevolent dictators, whose regimes lacked overt violence,
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โ€ซืืคื™ืœื• ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื",โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžืฉื˜ืจื ื ืขื“ืจ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื”,โ€ฌ
04:30
stand accused of censoring journalists
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ื ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืโ€ฌ
04:33
and limiting the rights and freedoms of citizens.
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โ€ซื•ื‘ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.โ€ฌ
04:36
Back to ancient Rome.
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โ€ซื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืจื•ืžื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.โ€ฌ
04:38
Perhaps the most important dimension
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โ€ซืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ฌ
04:40
of Cincinnatusโ€™ legendary benevolent dictatorship
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โ€ซืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื’ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ืกโ€ฌ
04:43
is not that he held total power,
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โ€ซื”ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ื—ืœื˜,โ€ฌ
04:46
but that he gave it up after only 16 days.
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โ€ซืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืื—ืจ 16 ื™ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.โ€ฌ
04:51
Once Rome was safe, he stepped down and retired to his fields.
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ืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉืจื•ืžื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”,โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื ืคืจืฉ ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื•.โ€ฌ
04:56
His willingness to relinquish control to the senate was as important
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โ€ซื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœืกื ืื˜ ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ
05:00
to the common good as his ability to fend off invaders.
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ื›ืžื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื.โ€ฌ
05:04
In practice, no modern dictator has lived up to this ideal.
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โ€ซื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืืฃ ืจื•ื“ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ืžื™ืžืฉ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื–ื”.โ€ฌ
05:08
Dictators donโ€™t willingly walk away from power,
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ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ;โ€ฌ
05:11
they continuously crave more.
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โ€ซื”ื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืงื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ืœืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืžื ื•.โ€ฌ
05:14
Thatโ€™s why institutions that provide checks on leaders must be safeguarded:
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โ€ซื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื:โ€ฌ
05:19
in the hands of an aspiring dictator,
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โ€ซื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื“ืŸ-ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื”,โ€ฌ
05:21
even seemingly robust democracies
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โ€ซืืคื™ืœื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช-ืœื›ืื•ืจื”โ€ฌ
05:24
can sink into repressive, authoritarian regimes.
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โ€ซื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืงื•ืข ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ื•ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ
ืื– ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช,
ืฆืคื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื•
ืื• ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ืืชืจ ื–ื” ืœืžื™ื“ืข
ืขืœ ืจื–ื™ ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืืช ื•ืืชื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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