What happened when these 6 dictators took over? - Stephanie Honchell Smith

516,186 views ・ 2024-05-16

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Minnie Min Hee Lee κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
According to legend, the ancient Roman statesman Cincinnatus
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전섀에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄,
κ³ λŒ€ 둜마의 μ •μΉ˜κ°€μΈ μ‹ μ‹œλ‚˜νˆ¬μŠ€λŠ” 밭을 κ°ˆλ‹€κ°€
00:10
was plowing his fields when news arrived that the Aequi,
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둜마 동μͺ½μ˜ 강적인 아이킀 쑱이 μΉ¨κ³΅ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ†Œμ‹μ„ λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
Rome’s powerful enemy to the east, had invaded.
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00:17
Rome was in need of swift, decisive action,
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λ‘œλ§ˆμ—λŠ” μ‹ μ†ν•˜κ³  λ‹¨ν˜Έν•œ μ‘°μΉ˜κ°€ ν•„μš”ν–ˆκΈ°μ—
00:20
and the senate had chosen him to serve as dictator,
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μ›λ‘œμ›μ€ κ·Έλ₯Ό λ…μž¬μžλ‘œ μ„ μΆœν–ˆκ³ ,
00:24
with absolute power over the military and government.
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κ΅°κ³Ό 정뢀에 λŒ€ν•œ μ ˆλŒ€μ μΈ ꢌλ ₯을 λΆ€μ—¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
Cincinnatus set down his plow, took control and,
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μ‹ μ‹œλ‚˜νˆ¬μŠ€λŠ” 쟁기λ₯Ό 내렀놓고 ν†΅μ œκΆŒμ„ μž₯μ•…ν–ˆκ³ ,
00:31
in a matter of weeks, saved Rome.
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λͺ‡ μ£Ό λ§Œμ— 둜마λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
This story reinforces the myth of the β€œbenevolent dictator”—
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이 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” μžλΉ„λ‘œμš΄ λ…μž¬μžλΌλŠ” μ‹ ν™”λ₯Ό 더 ν‚€μ›λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
the idea of a leader who holds absolute power,
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λ…μž¬μžκ°€ μ ˆλŒ€μ μΈ ꢌλ ₯을 μ₯μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:42
yet only uses it for the common good, to address problems efficiently,
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μ˜€λ‘œμ§€ 곡읡을 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλ§Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  문제λ₯Ό 효율적으둜 ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λ©°,
00:47
and create a just regime.
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μ •μ˜λ‘œμš΄ μ •κΆŒμ„ μˆ˜λ¦½ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
But can a truly benevolent dictator exist in today’s world?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  세상에 μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ μžλΉ„λ‘œμš΄ λ…μž¬μžκ°€ μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:54
Nations established modern democracies to safeguard
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ꡭ가듀이 ν˜„λŒ€ 민주주의λ₯Ό ν™•λ¦½ν•œ 것은
ν•œ 개인의 잠재적인 파괴적 변덕을 μ–΅μ œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
against the potentially destructive whims of a single individual.
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01:04
When functioning properly, democracies enable a society to be freer,
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λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜κ°€ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•  λ•Œ μ‚¬νšŒλŠ” 더 μžμœ λ‘œμ›Œμ§€κ³ 
01:08
and provide stability by protecting against corruption and the abuse of power.
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λΆ€νŒ¨μ™€ ꢌλ ₯ λ‚¨μš©μ„ μ–΅μ œν•΄μ„œ μ•ˆμ •μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
This is accomplished by holding regular, free, and fair elections,
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이λ₯Ό λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜λ €λ©΄ 정기적이고 자유둜우며 κ³΅μ •ν•œ μ„ κ±°λ₯Ό μ‹€μ‹œν•˜κ³ ,
01:19
imposing term limits,
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μž„κΈ°λ₯Ό μ œν•œν•˜κ³ ,
01:20
and establishing strong legislative branches and court systems.
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κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μž…λ²•λΆ€μ™€ 사법 체계λ₯Ό ꡬ좕해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
Maintaining a free press also helps keep politicians accountable for their actions
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μ–Έλ‘ μ˜ 자유λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ •μΉ˜μΈλ“€μ΄ 행동에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ±…μž„μ§€κ²Œ ν•˜κ³ 
01:31
and encourages citizens to engage in their governments and communities.
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μ‹œλ―Όμ΄ 정뢀와 지역 μ‚¬νšŒμ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜λ„λ‘ μž₯λ €ν•˜λŠ” 데 도움이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
In a dictatorship, absolute or near-absolute power
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λ…μž¬ μ²΄μ œμ—μ„œλŠ” μ ˆλŒ€μ μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ 거의 μ ˆλŒ€μ μΈ ꢌλ ₯을
01:39
is held by a single individual
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ν•œ 개인이 μ₯κ³  있으며,
01:41
who is free to impose their vision on society.
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μžμ‹ μ˜ 생각을 μ‚¬νšŒμ— κ°•μš”ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
Under certain conditions, the idea of a dictator can sound appealing,
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νŠΉμ • μƒν™©μ—μ„œλŠ” λ…μž¬ μ •κΆŒμ΄ 맀λ ₯적으둜 듀릴 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
like when a democracy isn't functioning as it should due to corruption,
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μ˜ˆμ»¨λŒ€, λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜κ°€ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μž‘λ™ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 경우인데,
λΆ€νŒ¨, 경제적 λΆˆμ•ˆμ •, κ·Ήμ‹¬ν•œ μ •μΉ˜μ  μ–‘κ·Ήν™” λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
economic instability, or extreme political polarization.
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01:56
At these moments,
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그런 λ•Œμ—λŠ” 일뢀 민주적 κΆŒλ¦¬μ™€ 자유λ₯Ό 기꺼이 ν¬κΈ°ν•˜κ³ 
01:58
people may be willing to give up some democratic rights and freedoms
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02:02
for hopes of a better future.
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더 λ‚˜μ€ 미래λ₯Ό ν¬λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
Authoritarian-leaning leaders present themselves
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κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜ μ„±ν–₯의 μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ€ 슀슀둜λ₯Ό
02:07
as the ones who can fix everything.
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λͺ¨λ“  문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λΌκ³  μ„ μ „ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
They distill complex problems into simple talking points
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 문제λ₯Ό κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œ μ •λ¦¬ν•˜κ³  λΉ λ₯Έ 해결책을 μ•½μ†ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
and promise quick solutions.
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02:14
Some of the most overt authoritarian leaders have taken this strategy,
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κ°€μž₯ 노골적인 κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜μ  μ§€λ„μž 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ” 이런 μ „λž΅μ„ μ·¨ν–ˆμœΌλ©°,
02:18
including military dictators who seized control through coups
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쿠데타λ₯Ό 톡해 ν†΅μ œκΆŒμ„ μž₯μ•…ν•œ ꡰ사 λ…μž¬μžλ„ κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
like Augusto Pinochet, Mobuto Sese Seko, and Muammar Gaddafi.
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ν”Όλ…Έμ²΄νŠΈ, λͺ¨λΆ€ν† , μΉ΄λ‹€ν”Όμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
02:27
Gaddafi, for example, initially asserted himself as a revolutionary hero,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μΉ΄λ‹€ν”ΌλŠ” μ²˜μŒμ— μžμ‹ μ„ 혁λͺ…적 μ˜μ›…μœΌλ‘œ λ‚΄μ„Έμ› κ³ ,
02:32
canceling the country's exploitative foreign oil contracts.
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리비아λ₯Ό μ°©μ·¨ν•˜λŠ” ν•΄μ™Έ μ„μœ  계약을 μ·¨μ†Œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
But the longer he was in power, the more riddled with paranoia he became.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§‘κΆŒ 기간이 κΈΈμ–΄μ§ˆμˆ˜λ‘ κ·ΈλŠ” 피해망상에 μ‹œλ‹¬λ¦¬κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
Like Pinochet and Mobuto, he used his position to target and torture opponents,
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ν”Όλ…Έμ²΄νŠΈλ‚˜ λͺ¨λΆ€ν† μ²˜λŸΌ, μ§€μœ„λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ λ°˜λŒ€μžλ“€μ„ ν‘œμ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚Όμ•„ κ³ λ¬Έν•˜κ³ ,
02:46
embark on campaigns of mass violence against everyday people,
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일반 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ 폭λ ₯을 ν–‰μ‚¬ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ³ ,
02:50
and build an enormous personal fortune.
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λ§‰λŒ€ν•œ 개인 μž¬μ‚°μ„ μŒ“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
Other modern dictators were initially elected democratically,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜„λŒ€ λ…μž¬μžλ“€λ„ μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” 민주적으둜 μ„ μΆœλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ°€,
02:57
then strategically accumulated power by embracing authoritarian forms of control.
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κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜μ  ν†΅μ œ 방식을 μ¨μ„œ μ „λž΅μ μœΌλ‘œ ꢌλ ₯을 ν™•λŒ€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:02
Italy’s Benito Mussolini and Germany’s Adolf Hitler, for example,
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μ˜ˆμΌ λŒ€, μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ λ² λ‹ˆν†  λ¬΄μ†”λ¦¬λ‹ˆμ™€ λ…μΌμ˜ μ•„λŒν”„ νžˆν‹€λŸ¬λŠ”
03:07
gained popularity during waves of mass discontent.
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λŒ€μ€‘μ˜ 뢈만이 νŒ½λ°°ν•œ μ‹œκΈ°μ— 인기λ₯Ό μ–»μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
Both channeled economic woes into racist rhetoric and embraced fascism,
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두 μ‚¬λžŒ λͺ¨λ‘ 경제적 어렀움을 인쒅 차별과 νŒŒμ‹œμ¦˜μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ²°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
a type of authoritarianism which exalts the importance of one nation, or race,
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이듀은 κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜μ˜ μΌμ’…μœΌλ‘œ
λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ“  λ―Όμ‘±μ΄λ‚˜ 인쒅보닀 μ–΄λ–€ ν•œ λ―Όμ‘± λ˜λŠ” 인쒅을 μ€‘μ‹œν•˜μ£ .
03:21
above all others.
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03:23
Once in office, such leaders gradually dismantle checks on their power,
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λ…μž¬μžλ“€μ€ ꢌλ ₯을 작고 λ‚˜λ©΄ μžμ‹ μ˜ ꢌλ ₯에 λŒ€ν•œ 견제λ₯Ό ν•΄μ²΄ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
03:27
including removing judges who might rule against them,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μžμ‹ μ—κ²Œ λΆˆλ¦¬ν•œ νŒκ²°μ„ 내릴 수 μžˆλŠ” νŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό ν•΄μž„ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜,
03:31
abolishing term limits,
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μž„κΈ° μ œν•œμ„ νμ§€ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜,
03:32
or refusing to acknowledge unfavorable election results.
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λΆˆλ¦¬ν•œ μ„ κ±° κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μΈμ •ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
Since they punish dissenting voices,
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λ…μž¬μžλ“€μ€ λ°˜λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” λͺ©μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό μ²˜λ²Œν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
03:39
dictators are often surrounded with yes-men,
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κ°„μ‹ λ“€λ‘œ λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹ΈμΈ κ²½μš°κ°€ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
who are promoted based on loyalty over expertise,
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간신듀은 전문성보닀 좩성심을 λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μŠΉμ§„ν•˜μ—¬
03:45
ultimately wreaking incalculable economic, social, and environmental costs.
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κ²°κ΅­ 헀아릴 수 μ—†λŠ” 경제적, μ‚¬νšŒμ , ν™˜κ²½μ  λΉ„μš©μ„ μ΄ˆλž˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
But these costs can also be hidden from view.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λΉ„μš©λ„ 보이지 μ•Šκ²Œ 숨길 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
Dictators build up cults of personality by minimizing negative coverage
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λ…μž¬μžλ“€μ˜ 인격 숭배λ₯Ό κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 뢀정적인 취재λ₯Ό μ΅œμ†Œν™”ν•˜κ³ 
03:59
and pushing positive propaganda that presents them as strong or heroic.
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μžμ‹ λ“€μ„ κ°•ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ˜μ›…μ μ΄λΌκ³  ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” 선전을 λ°€μ–΄λΆ™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
This can make it almost impossible to accurately measure their success.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ΄λ“€μ˜ 성곡을 μ •ν™•νžˆ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜λŠ” 것은 거의 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
Did Mussolini really make the trains run on time?
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λ¬΄μ†”λ¦¬λ‹ˆκ°€ 정말 μ—΄μ°¨λ₯Ό μ •μ‹œμ— μš΄ν–‰ν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:11
It’s hard to know, since he would have punished those who said otherwise.
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그렇지 μ•Šλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ²˜λ²Œν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ•ŒκΈ° μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
While some modern dictators have brought modest growth
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일뢀 ν˜„λŒ€ λ…μž¬μžλ“€μ€
자ꡭ의 κ²½μ œμ™€ 산업을 μ–΄λŠ 정도 μ„±μž₯μ‹œμΌ°μ§€λ§Œ
04:19
to their nation’s economies and industries,
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04:21
most have enriched the few and left widespread destruction in their wake.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ μ†Œμˆ˜λ₯Ό ν’μš”λ‘­κ²Œ ν•˜κ³  κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•œ 파괴λ₯Ό λ‚¨κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
Even so-called benevolent dictators, whose regimes lacked overt violence,
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μžλΉ„λ‘œμš΄ λ…μž¬μžλΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” μ •κΆŒμ— 노골적인 폭λ ₯이 μ—†μ—ˆμ–΄λ„,
04:30
stand accused of censoring journalists
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그듀은 언둠인을 κ²€μ—΄ν•˜κ³ 
04:33
and limiting the rights and freedoms of citizens.
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μ‹œλ―Όμ˜ κΆŒλ¦¬μ™€ 자유λ₯Ό μ œν•œν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” λΉ„λ‚œμ„ λ°›κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
Back to ancient Rome.
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κ³ λŒ€ 둜마둜 λŒμ•„κ°€ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
04:38
Perhaps the most important dimension
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μžλΉ„λ‘œμš΄ λ…μž¬λ‘œ 유λͺ…ν–ˆλ˜ μ‹ μ‹œλ‚˜νˆ¬μŠ€μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 점은
04:40
of Cincinnatus’ legendary benevolent dictatorship
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04:43
is not that he held total power,
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κ·Έκ°€ λͺ¨λ“  ꢌλ ₯을 κ°€μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:46
but that he gave it up after only 16 days.
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겨우 16일 λ§Œμ— ꢌλ ₯을 ν¬κΈ°ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
Once Rome was safe, he stepped down and retired to his fields.
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λ‘œλ§ˆκ°€ λ¬΄μ‚¬ν•΄μ§€μž κ·ΈλŠ” 자기 밭으둜 λ¬ΌλŸ¬λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
His willingness to relinquish control to the senate was as important
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μ›λ‘œμ›μ„ ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” νž˜μ„ 기꺼이 λ„˜κ²¨μ£Όλ €λŠ” 그의 μ˜μ§€λŠ”
05:00
to the common good as his ability to fend off invaders.
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μΉ¨λž΅μžλ“€μ„ λ¬Όλ¦¬μΉ˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯λ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜ 곡읡에 μ€‘μš”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
In practice, no modern dictator has lived up to this ideal.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ λ…μž¬μž 쀑 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 이상에 λΆ€μ‘ν•œ μžλŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
Dictators don’t willingly walk away from power,
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λ…μž¬μžλ“€μ€ ꢌλ ₯을 기꺼이 λ‚΄λ €λ†“λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
05:11
they continuously crave more.
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λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ 더 λ§Žμ€ ꢌλ ₯을 κ°ˆλ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:14
That’s why institutions that provide checks on leaders must be safeguarded:
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ§€λ„μžλ₯Ό κ²¬μ œν•˜λŠ” 기관듀을 μ§€μΌœμ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:19
in the hands of an aspiring dictator,
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야심에 λΆˆνƒ€λŠ” λ…μž¬μžμ˜ 손에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€λ©΄
05:21
even seemingly robust democracies
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ꡳ건해 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 민주주의 ꡭ가쑰차도
05:24
can sink into repressive, authoritarian regimes.
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얡압적이고 κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜μ μΈ μ •κΆŒμœΌλ‘œ 전락할 수 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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