What's so special about Viking ships? - Jan Bill

1,102,139 views ใƒป 2020-01-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
The Vikings came from the rugged, inhospitable north
0
6862
3540
ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื•ื— ื•ื”ืœื ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ
00:10
known today as Scandinavia.
1
10402
2613
ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”.
00:13
As the Roman Empire flourished further south,
2
13015
2960
ื›ืฉื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื’ืฉื’ื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืฉื,
00:15
Scandinavians had small settlements, no central government, and no coinage.
3
15975
5728
ืœืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœืœื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื•ืœืœื ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
00:21
Yet by the 11th century,
4
21703
1770
ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื” 11,
00:23
the Vikings had spread far from Scandinavia,
5
23473
3252
ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”,
00:26
gaining control of trade routes throughout Europe,
6
26725
2670
ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
00:29
conquering kingdoms as far as Africa,
7
29395
2530
ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช ืขื“ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
00:31
and even building outposts in North America.
8
31925
3779
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
00:35
The secret to their success was their ships.
9
35704
3511
ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
00:39
The formidable Viking longship
10
39215
2150
ื”ืกื™ืจื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื
00:41
had its origins in the humble dugout canoe, or log boat.
11
41365
4614
ื‘ืื” ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื ื• ื”ืขื ื™ื•, ืื• ืกื™ืจืช ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืขืฅ.
00:45
For millennia,
12
45979
1060
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:47
the inhabitants of Scandinavia had used these canoes for transportation.
13
47039
4456
ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืงื ื• ื”ืืœื• ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
00:51
Dense forests and tall mountains made overland travel difficult,
14
51495
4353
ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืžืกืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืงืฉื™ื,
00:55
but long coastlines and numerous rivers, lakes, and fjords
15
55848
4330
ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืื’ืžื™ื, ื•ืคื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื
01:00
provided a viable alternative.
16
60178
2575
ืกื™ืคืงื• ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช.
01:02
The first canoes were simply hollowed out logs rowed with paddles.
17
62753
4466
ื”ืงืื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื‘ื•ืœื™ ืขืฅ ืฉืจื•ืงื ื• ื•ื—ืชืจื• ืื™ืชื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
01:07
Over time, they added planks to the log boat base
18
67219
3070
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืงืจืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ืกื™ืจืช ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืขืฅ
01:10
using the clinker, or "lapstrake," technique,
19
70289
2910
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช "ืœืคืกื˜ืจืงื”,"
01:13
meaning the planks overlapped
20
73199
1816
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืงืจืฉื™ื ื—ืคืคื•
01:15
and were fastened to each other along their edges.
21
75015
3524
ื•ื—ื•ื–ืงื• ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ืงืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
01:18
As the Roman Empire expanded north,
22
78539
2560
ื›ืฉื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ืฆืคื•ื ื”,
01:21
some Scandinavians served in their new neighborsโ€™ armiesโ€”
23
81099
3600
ื›ืžื” ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืจืชื• ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื --
01:24
and brought home Roman maritime technology.
24
84699
3330
ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ืžื™ืช ืจื•ืžื™ืช.
01:28
The Mediterranean cultures at the heart of the Roman Empire
25
88029
2900
ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช
01:30
had large warships that controlled the sea,
26
90929
2860
ื”ื™ื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื,
01:33
and cargo ships that transported goods along the waterways.
27
93789
4470
ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
01:38
These ships were powered by sail and oars
28
98259
2914
ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
01:41
and relied on a strong skeleton of internal timbers
29
101173
3656
ื•ื”ืกืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื“ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฅ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
01:44
fastened to the outer planks with copper, iron, and wood nails.
30
104829
5160
ืฉื—ื•ื–ืงื• ืœืงืจืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืกืžืจื™ ื ื—ื•ืฉืช, ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืขืฅ.
01:49
At first, Scandinavians incorporated this new technology
31
109989
3550
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
01:53
by replacing their loose paddles with anchored oars.
32
113539
3490
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ื’ื ื™ื.
01:57
This change hugely improved the crewโ€™s efficiency,
33
117029
3150
ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ืคืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช,
02:00
but also required stronger ships.
34
120179
2700
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื“ืจืฉ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:02
So boat builders began to use iron nails for fasteners rather than sewing.
35
122879
5172
ืื– ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืกืžืจื™ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื›ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.
02:08
They abandoned the log boat base for a keel plank,
36
128051
3500
ื”ื ื ื˜ืฉื• ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ืขืฅ ืœืฉื“ืจื™ืช ืžืงืจืฉื™ื,
02:11
and the boats became higher and more seaworthy.
37
131551
3429
ื•ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื.
02:14
But these early ships retained the concept of the original log boat:
38
134980
4500
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืจื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช:
02:19
their strength depended on the outer shell of wood,
39
139480
3320
ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžื”ืขืฅ,
02:22
not internal frames and beams.
40
142800
2780
ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื“ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืงื•ืจื•ืช.
02:25
They were built as shellsโ€” thin-walled but strong,
41
145580
3380
ื”ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื• ื›ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช -- ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื“ืงื” ืื‘ืœ ื—ื–ืงื”,
02:28
and much lighter than the Roman ships.
42
148960
2950
ื•ื”ื™ื• ืงืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื•ืช.
02:31
Competing chieftains quickly refined the new ships to be even more efficient.
43
151910
5356
ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืขื“ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:37
The lighter the boat, the more versatile it would be
44
157266
3120
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉื”
02:40
and the less investment of resources it would requireโ€”
45
160386
3524
ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื --
02:43
an essential advantage in a decentralized culture
46
163910
3410
ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช
02:47
without large supplies of people.
47
167320
2260
ื‘ืœื™ ืืกืคืงื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:49
These ships still had no sailsโ€” sails were costly,
48
169580
3766
ืœืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืจืฉื™ื -- ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืงืจื™ื,
02:53
and for now the rowed ships could meet their needs.
49
173346
4100
ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื.
02:57
That changed after the Western Roman Empire
50
177446
3030
ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
03:00
collapsed in the 5th century.
51
180476
2140
ืงืจืกื” ื‘ืžืื” ื” 5.
03:02
Western Europe took a heavy economic blow,
52
182616
2690
ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืกืคื’ื” ืžื›ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืงืฉื”,
03:05
leveling the playing field a bit for the Scandinavians.
53
185306
3240
ืžื” ืฉืื™ื–ืŸ ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืขื˜ ืœืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื.
03:08
As the region revived,
54
188546
1750
ื›ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ,
03:10
new and vigorous trade routes extended into and through Scandinavia.
55
190296
4724
ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืกื—ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืžืฉื›ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”.
03:15
The wealth that flowed along these routes
56
195020
2400
ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉื–ืจื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:17
helped create a new, more prosperous and powerful class of Scandinavians,
57
197420
5005
ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื–ืง ื•ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื,
03:22
whose members competed constantly with each other
58
202425
3060
ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืชื—ืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™
03:25
over trade routes and territory.
59
205485
2731
ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืกื—ืจ ื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
03:28
By the 8th century, a sailing ship began to make sense:
60
208216
4175
ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื” 8, ืกืคื™ื ืช ืžืคืจืฉ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ:
03:32
it could go further, faster, in search of newly available plunder.
61
212391
4531
ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
03:36
With the addition of sails,
62
216922
1590
ืขื ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื,
03:38
the already light and speedy ships became nearly unbeatable.
63
218512
4697
ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืงืœื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ.
03:43
The Viking ship was born.
64
223209
2740
ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื”.
03:45
Viking longships could soon carry as many as 100 Vikings to battle.
65
225949
4774
ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืฉืืช ืขื“ 100 ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ืœืงืจื‘.
03:50
Fleets of them could land on open beaches,
66
230723
2600
ืฆื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื,
03:53
penetrate deep into river systems, and be moved over land if need be.
67
233323
5273
ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš.
03:58
When not at war,
68
238596
1170
ื›ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”,
03:59
the vessels were used to transport goods and make trade journeys.
69
239766
4255
ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืกืขื•ืช ืกื—ืจ.
04:04
There were smaller versions for fishing and local excursions,
70
244021
3687
ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื™ื™ื’ ื•ืžืกืขื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
04:07
and larger adaptations for open sea voyages
71
247708
3256
ื•ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—
04:10
capable of carrying tens of tons of cargo.
72
250964
3520
ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื.
04:14
Thanks to their inventiveness in the face of difficult terrain
73
254484
3030
ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืงืฉื™ื
04:17
and weak economies, the Vikings sailed west,
74
257514
3560
ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื•ืช, ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ืžืขืจื‘ื”,
04:21
settled the North Atlantic and explored the North American coast
75
261074
3800
ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื•ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
04:24
centuries before any other Europeans would set foot there.
76
264874
4042
ืžืื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืืจื•ืคืื™ ืื—ืจ ื™ื ื™ื— ืฉื ืจื’ืœ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7