What's so special about Viking ships? - Jan Bill

1,033,199 views ใƒป 2020-01-21

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: SeokHeon Lyoo ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:06
The Vikings came from the rugged, inhospitable north
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๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น๋“ค์€ ์ฒ™๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ถ์ชฝ๋•…์—์„œ ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ
00:10
known today as Scandinavia.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
00:13
As the Roman Empire flourished further south,
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๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋กœ๋งˆ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ,
00:15
Scandinavians had small settlements, no central government, and no coinage.
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์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ์ง€๋Š” ์ž‘์•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ํ™”ํ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
Yet by the 11th century,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 11์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ์„œ๋Š”
00:23
the Vikings had spread far from Scandinavia,
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๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น๋“ค์€ ์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๊ณ 
00:26
gaining control of trade routes throughout Europe,
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์•…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
00:29
conquering kingdoms as far as Africa,
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๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์™•๊ตญ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ์ •๋ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
and even building outposts in North America.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์ „์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑด์„คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
The secret to their success was their ships.
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์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์€ ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น ๋ฐฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
The formidable Viking longship
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๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น ๋ฐฐ๋Š”
00:41
had its origins in the humble dugout canoe, or log boat.
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์กฐ์ดํ•œ ์นด๋ˆ„๋‚˜ ํ†ต๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
For millennia,
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์ฒœ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„์ธ๋“ค์€ ์นด๋ˆ„๋ฅผ ์šด์†ก์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
the inhabitants of Scandinavia had used these canoes for transportation.
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00:51
Dense forests and tall mountains made overland travel difficult,
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์šฐ๊ฑฐ์ง„ ์ˆฒ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฐ๋“ค๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œก๋กœ ์ด๋™์€ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
but long coastlines and numerous rivers, lakes, and fjords
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๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๊ธด ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜‘๋งŒ์ด
01:00
provided a viable alternative.
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ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:02
The first canoes were simply hollowed out logs rowed with paddles.
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์นด๋ˆ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์ค„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ๋…ธ๋กœ ์ €์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
Over time, they added planks to the log boat base
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ, ํ†ต๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋„๋นค์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
using the clinker, or "lapstrake," technique,
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ํด๋ง์ปค ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒนํŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ
01:13
meaning the planks overlapped
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๋„๋นค์ง€๋“ค์„ ๊ฒน์ณ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ
01:15
and were fastened to each other along their edges.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •์ด ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:18
As the Roman Empire expanded north,
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๋กœ๋งˆ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:21
some Scandinavians served in their new neighborsโ€™ armiesโ€”
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ณต๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:24
and brought home Roman maritime technology.
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๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ตํ˜€์„œ ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
The Mediterranean cultures at the heart of the Roman Empire
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๋กœ๋งˆ์ œ๊ตญ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š”
01:30
had large warships that controlled the sea,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์žฅ์•…ํ•œ ํฐ ์ „ํ•จ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:33
and cargo ships that transported goods along the waterways.
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์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง์„ ๋‚˜๋ฅด๋Š” ํ™”๋ฌผ์„ ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
These ships were powered by sail and oars
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์ด ๋ฐฐ๋“ค์€ ๋›๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋กœ ์›€์ง์˜€๊ณ 
01:41
and relied on a strong skeleton of internal timbers
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๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ํŠผํŠผํ•œ ๋ผˆ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
fastened to the outer planks with copper, iron, and wood nails.
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๋Š‘์žฌ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ, ์‡ , ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ชป์„ ์จ์„œ ์™ธ๋ฒฝ์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
At first, Scandinavians incorporated this new technology
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
01:53
by replacing their loose paddles with anchored oars.
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๋…ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
This change hugely improved the crewโ€™s efficiency,
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์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์„ ์›์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ฅ ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋†’์˜€์ง€๋งŒ
02:00
but also required stronger ships.
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๋” ํŠผํŠผํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์กŒ์ฃ .
02:02
So boat builders began to use iron nails for fasteners rather than sewing.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฟฐ๋งค๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์‡ ๋ชป์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
They abandoned the log boat base for a keel plank,
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ํ†ต๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฉ๊ณจ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด์„œ
02:11
and the boats became higher and more seaworthy.
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๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋” ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ํ•ญํ•ด์— ๋” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
But these early ships retained the concept of the original log boat:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋“ค์€ ํ†ต๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
their strength depended on the outer shell of wood,
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๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์™ธ๋ฒฝ์— ์˜์กดํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:22
not internal frames and beams.
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๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ผˆ๋Œ€๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ ๋Œ€์‹ ์—์š”.
02:25
They were built as shellsโ€” thin-walled but strong,
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์–‡์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ฒฝ์„ ์จ์„œ
02:28
and much lighter than the Roman ships.
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๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์› ์ฃ .
02:31
Competing chieftains quickly refined the new ships to be even more efficient.
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์กฑ์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
The lighter the boat, the more versatile it would be
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๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:40
and the less investment of resources it would requireโ€”
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๋” ์ ์€ ์ž์›์„ ์ผ์ฃ .
02:43
an essential advantage in a decentralized culture
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๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์ด์ ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:47
without large supplies of people.
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๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š” ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:49
These ships still had no sailsโ€” sails were costly,
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์ด ๋ฐฐ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ง ๋›์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋›์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์ŒŒ๊ณ 
02:53
and for now the rowed ships could meet their needs.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋กœ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:57
That changed after the Western Roman Empire
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„œ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์ด 5์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌ์ •์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
collapsed in the 5th century.
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03:02
Western Europe took a heavy economic blow,
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์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์€ ์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ 
03:05
leveling the playing field a bit for the Scandinavians.
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๋‚˜๋ฆ„ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์˜ ์žฅ์ด ์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํŽผ์ณ์กŒ์ฃ .
03:08
As the region revived,
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์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ
03:10
new and vigorous trade routes extended into and through Scandinavia.
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์นธ๋‹ˆ๋‚˜๋น„์•„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
The wealth that flowed along these routes
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์ด ๋™์„ ๋“ค๋กœ ํ๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
03:17
helped create a new, more prosperous and powerful class of Scandinavians,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฒˆ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
whose members competed constantly with each other
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:25
over trade routes and territory.
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๋ฌด์—ญ๋กœ์™€ ์˜ํ† ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
By the 8th century, a sailing ship began to make sense:
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8์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์„ ์ด ์ „๋ฉด์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
it could go further, faster, in search of newly available plunder.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ ์•ฝํƒˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณณ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ, ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
03:36
With the addition of sails,
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๋›์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:38
the already light and speedy ships became nearly unbeatable.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ณ  ๋นจ๋ž๋˜ ๋ฐฐ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌด์ ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
The Viking ship was born.
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๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:45
Viking longships could soon carry as many as 100 Vikings to battle.
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๊ณง ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น ๋ฐฐ๋Š” 100๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น์„ ์ „์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
Fleets of them could land on open beaches,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ํ•ด๋ณ€์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:53
penetrate deep into river systems, and be moved over land if need be.
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๊ฐ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊นŠ์ˆ™ํžˆ ์นจํˆฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์—์„œ๋„ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
When not at war,
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์ „์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๋“ค์€ ์ง์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ์— ์“ฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
the vessels were used to transport goods and make trade journeys.
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04:04
There were smaller versions for fishing and local excursions,
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์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚š์‹œ๋‚˜ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ์—ฌํ–‰์— ์“ฐ์˜€๊ณ 
04:07
and larger adaptations for open sea voyages
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ํฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋จผ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ํ•ญํ•ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•ด์„œ
04:10
capable of carrying tens of tons of cargo.
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ํ†ค์˜ ์ง์„ ์‹ค์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:14
Thanks to their inventiveness in the face of difficult terrain
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ํ—ˆ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ์ฒ™๋ฐ•ํ•œ ๋•…์— ๋งž์„  ์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ ๋•๋ถ„์—
04:17
and weak economies, the Vikings sailed west,
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๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น๋“ค์€ ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ญํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
04:21
settled the North Atlantic and explored the North American coast
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๋ถ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
centuries before any other Europeans would set foot there.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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