Gyotaku: The ancient Japanese art of printing fish - K. Erica Dodge

527,713 views ใƒป 2013-05-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Jessica Ruby
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:13
How big was that fish you caught?
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ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื’ ืฉื“ื’ืชื?
00:15
This big?
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ื›ื–ื” ื’ื•ื“ืœ?
ื›ื–ื” ื’ื•ื“ืœ?
00:17
This big?
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00:18
This big?
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ื›ื–ื” ื’ื•ื“ืœ?
00:20
Without photographic evidence,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืœืžืช,
00:21
there's nothing that proves you caught a whopper,
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืชืคืกืชื ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:23
and that's been true since the dawn of fishing.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื’.
00:26
In fact, hundreds of years ago,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
00:28
long before photography could capture the moment,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข,
00:31
Japanese fishermen invented their own way
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ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืœื”ื
00:33
to record trophy catches.
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ืœืชืขื“ ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
00:35
They called it Gyotaku.
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ื’ื™ื•ื˜ืืงื•.
00:38
Gyotaku is the ancient art of printing fish
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ื’ื™ื•ื˜ืืงื• ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคืกื™ ื“ื’ื™ื
00:40
that originated in Japan
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ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืคืŸ
00:42
as a way to record trophy catches
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ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืชืขื“ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
00:44
prior to the modern day camera.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
00:48
Gyo means fish
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ื’ื™ื• ืžืฉืžืขื” ื“ื’
00:49
and taku means impression.
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ื•ื˜ืืงื• ืžืฉืžืขื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื”.
00:52
There are several different stories about
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:54
how Gyotaku came about,
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ื’ื™ื•ื˜ืืงื•,
00:55
but it basically started with fishermen
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื
00:57
needing a way to record the species and size
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื
00:59
of the fish they caught over 100 years ago.
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ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื›ื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืฉื ื™ื.
01:03
Fishermen took paper, ink, and brushes
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ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืœืงื—ื• ื ื™ื™ืจ, ื“ื™ื•, ื•ืžื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื
01:05
out to sea with them.
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ืœื™ื ืื™ืชื.
01:07
They told stories of great adventures at sea.
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ื”ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื.
01:10
Since the Japanese revered certain fish,
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ืขืจื™ืฆื• ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
01:12
the fishermen would take a rubbing from these fish
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ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื
01:14
and release them.
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช,
01:17
To make the rubbing,
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01:18
they would paint the fish with non-toxic sumi-e ink
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืขื ื‘ื“ื™ื• ืกื•ืžื™-ืื™ ืœื ืจืขื™ืœ
01:20
and print them on rice paper.
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ื•ืžื“ืคื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืจื–.
01:22
This way they could be released
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื
01:24
or cleaned and sold at market.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง.
01:26
The first prints like this were for records only
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ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“
01:29
with no extra details.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
01:31
It wasn't until the mid 1800's
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ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19
01:33
that they began painting eye details
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
01:34
and other embellishments onto the prints.
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ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืคืกื™ื.
01:37
One famous nobleman, Lord Sakai, was an avid fisherman,
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ืืฆื™ืœ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืื—ื“, ืœื•ืจื“ ืกืืงืื™, ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื™ื’ ื ืœื”ื‘,
01:40
and, when he made a large catch,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืชืคื™ืกื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
01:42
he wanted to preserve the memory
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
01:44
of the large, red sea bream.
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ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
01:46
To do so, he commissioned a fisherman to print his catch.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื”ืฉืœืœ.
01:50
After this, many fisherman would bring
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื
01:52
their Gyotaku prints to Lord Sakai,
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ืืช ื”ื“ืคืกื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื˜ืืงื• ืฉืœื”ื ืœืœื•ืจื“ ืกืืงืื™,
01:54
and if he liked their work,
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ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
01:55
he would hire them to print for him.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•.
01:57
Many prints hung in the palace during the Edo period.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื“ืคืกื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื“ื•.
02:01
After this period, Gyotaku was not as popular
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•, ื’ื™ื•ื˜ืืงื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช
02:04
and began to fade away.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืขืœื.
02:06
Today, Gyotaku has become a popular art form,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื’ื™ื•ื˜ืืงื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช,
02:09
enjoyed by many.
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ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
02:10
And the prints are said to bring good luck to the fishermen.
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ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื”ื“ืคืกื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื.
02:13
But the art form is quite different than it used to be.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”.
02:15
Most artists today learn on their own by trial and error.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”.
02:19
Before the artist begins to print,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืืžืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก,
02:21
the fish needs to be prepared for printing.
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ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื“ืคืกื”.
02:23
First, the artist places the fish
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืืžืŸ ืžืžืงื ืืช ื”ื“ื’
02:25
on a hollowed out surface.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžืจื•ืงืŸ.
02:27
Then the artist spreads the fins out
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ืื– ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื
02:29
and pins them down on the board to dry.
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ื•ืžื”ื“ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืœื•ื— ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ.
02:31
They then clean the fish with water.
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ื”ื ืžื ืงื™ื ืื– ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื.
02:33
When it comes time to print,
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ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก,
02:35
there are two different methods.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:37
The indirect method begins with pasting moist fabric or paper
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ื“ื‘ืงืช ื‘ื“ ืœื— ืื• ื ื™ื™ืจ ืœื—
02:40
onto the fish using rice paste.
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ื’ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืช ืื•ืจื–.
02:43
Then, the artist uses a tompo,
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ืื–, ื”ืืžืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืคื•,
02:45
or a cotton ball covered in silk,
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ืื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืชื ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืžืฉื™,
02:46
to put ink on the fabric or paper to produce the print.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื“ ืื• ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืคืก.
02:50
This method requires more skill
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:52
and great care needs to be taken
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ื•ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“
02:53
when pulling the paper off the fish
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ื›ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืžื”ื“ื’
02:55
so the paper doesn't tear.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืœื ื™ืงืจืข.
02:58
In the direct method,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื”,
02:59
the artist paints directly on the fish,
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ื”ืืžืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื’,
03:01
and then gently presses the moist fabric or paper into the fish.
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ื•ืื– ืœื•ื—ืฅ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ ื”ืœื— ืื• ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืœื— ืขืœ ื”ื“ื’.
03:05
With both of these methods,
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ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:06
no two prints are exactly alike,
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ืืฃ ื”ื“ืคืก ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืื—ืจ,
03:08
but both reveal dramatic images of the fish.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžื’ืœื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
03:11
For the final touch,
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ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”,
03:13
the artist uses a chop, or a stamp,
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ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆโ€™ื•ืค, ืื• ื—ื•ืชืžืช,
03:15
and signs their work,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:16
and can hold it up to say,
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
03:18
"The fish was exactly this big!"
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โ€œื”ื“ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”!โ€
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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