Will there ever be a mile-high skyscraper? - Stefan Al

2,325,511 views ใƒป 2019-02-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
In 1956,
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ื‘ 1956,
00:08
architect Frank Lloyd Wright
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ืคืจื ืง ืœื•ื™ื“ ืจื™ื™ื˜
00:10
proposed a mile-high skyscraper.
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ื”ืฆื™ืข ื’ื•ืจื“ ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™.
00:13
It was going to be the worldโ€™s tallest building,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:15
by a lot โ€”
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” --
00:16
five times as high as the Eiffel Tower.
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ืคื™ ื—ืžืฉื” ืžืžื’ื“ืœ ืื™ื™ืคืœ.
00:20
But many critics laughed at the architect,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืฆื—ืงื• ืขืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜,
00:22
arguing that people would have to wait hours for an elevator,
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ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื™ืช,
00:26
or worse, that the tower would collapse under its own weight.
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ืื• ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื™ืงืจื•ืก ืชื—ืช ืžืฉืงืœื•.
00:30
Most engineers agreed,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื•,
00:32
and despite the publicity around the proposal,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื”ืฆืขื”,
00:34
the titanic tower was never built.
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ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื‘ื ื”.
00:37
But today,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:38
bigger and bigger buildings are going up around the world.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
00:41
Firms are even planning skyscrapers more than a kilometer tall,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
00:46
like the Jeddah Tower in Saudi Arabia,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื“ืœ ื’'ื“ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช,
00:48
three times the size of the Eiffel Tower.
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ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื’ื“ืœ ืื™ื™ืคืœ.
00:51
Very soon,
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ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘,
00:52
Wrightโ€™s mile-high miracle may be a reality.
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ื”ื ืก ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
00:56
So what exactly was stopping us
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ืื– ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืขื“ื ื•
00:58
from building these megastructures 70 years ago,
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ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื ืง ื”ืืœื• ืœืคื ื™ 70 ืฉื ื”,
01:01
and how do we build something a mile high today?
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ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ื•ื?
01:05
In any construction project,
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”,
01:06
each story of the structure needs to be able to support the stories on top of it.
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ื›ืœ ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขืœื™ื”.
01:11
The higher we build,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:12
the higher the gravitational pressure from the upper stories on the lower ones.
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœ.
01:17
This principle has long dictated the shape of our buildings,
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ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:20
leading ancient architects to favor pyramids with wide foundations
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ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื™ื
01:24
that support lighter upper levels.
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ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:27
But this solution doesnโ€™t quite translate to a city skylineโ€“
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืจื’ื ืœืงื• ื”ืจืงื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ --
01:30
a pyramid that tall would be roughly one-and-a-half miles wide,
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ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
01:34
tough to squeeze into a city center.
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ืžื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ.
01:37
Fortunately, strong materials like concrete can avoid this impractical shape.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืœื ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
01:42
And modern concrete blends are reinforced with steel-fibers for strength
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ื•ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืคืœื“ื” ืœื—ื•ื–ืง
01:47
and water-reducing polymers to prevent cracking.
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ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืกื“ืงื•ืช.
01:51
The concrete in the worldโ€™s tallest tower, Dubaiโ€™s Burj Khalifa,
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ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื•ืจื’' ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ืื™,
01:56
can withstand about 8,000 tons of pressure per square meterโ€“
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ 8000 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข --
02:00
the weight of over 1,200 African elephants!
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ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1200 ืคื™ืœื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื!
02:05
Of course, even if a building supports itself,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
02:07
it still needs support from the ground.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื”ืงืจืงืข.
02:10
Without a foundation,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช,
02:11
buildings this heavy would sink, fall, or lean over.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉืงืขื•, ื™ืคืœื• ืื• ื™ื˜ื•.
02:15
To prevent the roughly half a million ton tower from sinking,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืฆื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ,
02:19
192 concrete and steel supports called piles were buried over 50 meters deep.
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192 ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืคืœื“ื” ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 50 ืžื˜ืจ.
02:27
The friction between the piles and the ground
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ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืงืจืงืข
02:29
keeps this sizable structure standing.
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ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“.
02:32
Besides defeating gravity,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
02:34
which pushes the building down,
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ืฉื“ื•ื—ืคืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”,
02:35
a skyscraper also needs to overcome the blowing wind,
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ื’ื•ืจื“ ืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช,
02:39
which pushes from the side.
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ืฉื“ื•ื—ืคืช ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
02:41
On average days,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
02:43
wind can exert up to 17 pounds of force per square meter on a high-rise buildingโ€“
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ื”ืจื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืขื“ 5 ืงื™ืœื• ืœืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ ืฉื—ืงื™ื --
02:49
as heavy as a gust of bowling balls.
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ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืื•ืœื™ื ื’.
02:52
Designing structures to be aerodynamic,
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ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื,
02:54
like Chinaโ€™s sleek Shanghai Tower,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื“ืœ ืฉื ื’ื—ืื™ ื”ื—ืœืงืœืง,
02:57
can reduce that force by up to a quarter.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขื“ ืจื‘ืข.
02:59
And wind-bearing frames inside or outside the building
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ื•ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
03:03
can absorb the remaining wind force,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื•ื—,
03:05
such as in Seoulโ€™s Lotte Tower.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ืœื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืกื™ืื•ืœ.
03:08
But even after all these measures,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:10
you could still find yourself swaying back and forth
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”
03:13
more than a meter on top floors during a hurricane.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ.
03:17
To prevent the wind from rocking tower tops,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืจื•ื— ืœื ืขื ืข ืืช ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
03:20
many skyscrapers employ a counterweight weighing hundreds of tons
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืžืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช
03:24
called a โ€œtuned mass damper.โ€
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ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช "ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ืžืืกื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื ื™ื."
03:28
The Taipei 101, for instance,
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ื‘ื˜ืื™ื™ืคื™ 101 ืœืžืฉืœ,
03:30
has suspended a giant metal orb above the 87th floor.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžืชื›ืช ืขืฆื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ืžืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื” 87.
03:34
When wind moves the building,
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ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
03:36
this orb sways into action,
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ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœื”,
03:38
absorbing the buildingโ€™s kinetic energy.
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ืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
03:41
As its movements trail the towerโ€™s,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื• ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ,
03:43
hydraulic cylinders between the ball and the building
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ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจืื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
03:46
convert that kinetic energy into heat,
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ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ื,
03:49
and stabilize the swaying structure.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“.
03:52
With all these technologies in place,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:54
our mega-structures can stay standing and stable.
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ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื ืง ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื.
03:58
But quickly traveling through buildings this large is a challenge in itself.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื–ื” ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
04:02
In Wrightโ€™s age,
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ื˜,
04:03
the fastest elevators moved a mere 22 kilometers per hour.
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ื”ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืขื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 22 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉืขื”.
04:08
Thankfully, todayโ€™s elevators are much faster, traveling over 70 km per hour
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 70 ืงืž"'ืฉ
04:13
with future cabins potentially using frictionless magnetic rails
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ืขื ืชืื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš
04:17
for even higher speeds.
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ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:19
And traffic management algorithms group riders by destination
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ื•ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืคื™ ื™ืขื“
04:23
to get passengers and empty cabins where they need to be.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื•ืชืื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
04:27
Skyscrapers have come a long way since Wright proposed his mile-high tower.
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ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืื– ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืœืžื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™.
04:32
What were once considered impossible ideas
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ืžื” ืฉืคืขื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™
04:35
have become architectural opportunities.
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ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:38
Today it may just be a matter of time
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ
04:40
until one building goes the extra mile.
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ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ื™ืœ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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