Humans are all almost exactly the same... almost - Greg Foot

213,916 views ใƒป 2023-05-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
Medical science has a problemโ€” itโ€™s missing something.
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ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” -- ื—ืกืจ ื‘ื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
00:10
Something that means that not only is it harder to find
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื
00:13
the causes of some diseasesโ€”
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ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืžื” ืžื—ืœื•ืช --
00:15
and effective ways to treat themโ€”
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ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ --
00:17
some diseases are getting overlooked entirely.
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ืžื›ืžื” ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
00:20
It turns out what itโ€™s missing could be youโ€”
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืชื --
00:24
but Iโ€™ll get to that in a bit.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข.
00:26
Because first, a story.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
00:28
Or 8 billion stories, to be precise.
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ืื• 8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื.
00:31
See, our DNA is our body's instruction manual, sure.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื” DNA ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™.
00:35
But itโ€™s also a history book that records our own, unique genetic story.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืกืคืจ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืžืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:40
All our stories begin around 300,000 years ago
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ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 300,000 ืฉื ื”
00:43
when humans arose in Africa.
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
00:45
Some genetic stories tell of leaving a couple of hundred thousand years later,
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ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:49
journeying into Europe, East Asia, or the Americas.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”, ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช.
00:52
Some genetic stories speak of expanding empires.
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ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
00:56
Others the diseases we evolved to ward off,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ,
01:00
and some the simple act of settling down, raising cattle, and drinking their milk.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจ, ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื•.
01:05
Each of our genetic stories are different,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:07
but maybe not as different as you might expect.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื.
01:10
We share 99.9% of our DNA with each other.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื 99.9% ืžื” DNA ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
01:15
Our stories are 99.9% identical,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ 99.9%,
01:18
but that 0.1% difference is incredibly powerful.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ 0.1% ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“.
01:23
In that tiny difference between our genetic stories
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
01:25
is where we have the potential to develop better treatments for diseasesโ€”
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ื ืžืฆื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืคืชื— ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช --
01:29
treatments that work for everyone.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื.
01:31
But medical science isnโ€™t currently reading all those stories.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื›ืจื’ืข ืœื ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:37
To explain let me tell you how researchers work out the causes of diseases,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
01:41
and develop and test the effectiveness and safety of new treatments.
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ื•ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:45
To find out the causes of a particular disease,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
01:47
researchers find lots of people who have that condition
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”
01:51
and comb through their genetic stories.
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ื•ืกื•ืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:53
They look for little variations they shareโ€”
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ื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื --
01:55
little bits of their DNA stories that are spelt differently.
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ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื” DNA ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืžืื•ื™ื™ืชื™ื ืื—ืจืช.
01:59
If they find some, then they try all sorts of different ways
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ืื ื”ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ื›ืžื”, ืื– ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
02:02
of dealing with the effect of them.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:04
And if that uncovers something that looks promising,
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—,
02:06
they then run a clinical trial to see if it actually is.
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ื”ื ืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื”.
02:10
In phase one, a small group of volunteers try the treatment.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืžื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
02:14
Well, often only half of them do,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื ืžื ืกื”,
02:16
with the other half getting a placebo that does absolutely nothing.
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ืขื ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืคืœืกื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœื•ื.
02:20
If there arenโ€™t any notable side effects at the target dose,
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช,
02:23
the treatment is cleared to move on to the next stage of the clinical trial.
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:27
Phase two, this time with a bigger group of participants
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ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืคืขื ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื
02:30
who all have the condition the researchers hope the drug will treat.
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ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืชื˜ืคืœ.
02:34
If the drug appears effective, it moves on to phase three,
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ืื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉ,
02:38
with more participants trying it for even longer.
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ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:41
Only after all this is the new treatment then reviewed
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ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื‘ื—ืŸ
02:45
andโ€” hopefullyโ€” approved for use by us, the general population.
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ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” -- ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช.
02:51
But there's a problem with it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื–ื”.
02:53
Here is the ethnicity of lots and lots of people used to recently find
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ืคื” ื”ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช
02:57
the causes of various diseases.
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ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:59
And here is how that compares to the ethnic diversity
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืืชื ื™
03:02
of the worldโ€™s population.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:04
Spot the difference?
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ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ?
03:06
The genetic stories that researchers are combing through are heavily biased
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืกื•ืจืงื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
03:10
to those of people from European descent.
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ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืจื•ืคืื™.
03:12
Which means that if youโ€™re searching
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
03:14
for those disease-causing bits of DNA to target new drugs against,
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ืœื—ืœืงื™ ื” DNA ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืืœื• ืฉืžื•ืœื ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
03:18
and you're mainly reading the stories of people of European descent,
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ื•ืืชื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืจื•ืคืื™,
03:22
you might completely overlook key bits in the stories
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
03:25
of other diverse groups that tell of, say,
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ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืกืคืจื•ืช, ื ื’ื™ื“,
03:27
a changed risk of disease or even shed light on how a disease occursโ€”
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ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงื•ืจื•ืช --
03:32
for example, scientists may not have found the mutation
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช
03:35
that causes sickle cell disorder
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช
03:37
if weโ€™d only looked in the stories of people of European descent.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืจื•ืคืื™.
03:41
And the thing is, what medical science is missing doesn't end there.
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืžื” ืฉืžื“ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืžืคืกืคืก ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ ืฉื.
03:45
When new treatments or medical devices are being tested,
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ื›ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื,
03:48
they need to be tested on everyone that may use them.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
03:51
If the genetic stories involved donโ€™t reflect the breadth of stories
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ืื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
03:55
in our worldwide library then, again, something might be missed.
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ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืื–, ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืฉื”ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืชืคืกืคืก.
03:59
Take, for example, the medicine Warfarin; used to prevent blood clots.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื•ื•ืจืคืจื™ืŸ; ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืงืจื™ืฉื™ ื“ื.
04:03
Researchers have found that, to produce the same effect,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆืื•, ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”,
04:06
most people of East Asian descent need a lower dose
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืกื™ืืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:08
than some people of European descent,
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืจื•ืคืื™,
04:11
and most people of African ethnicity need a larger dose.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:14
Which means the dose that works best for someone
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•
04:17
may vary according to their ethnicity.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืชื ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:19
Itโ€™s this kind of important information that can be missed if clinical trials
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืกืคืก ืื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื
04:23
donโ€™t include people from across a range of ethnicities.
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื ืขื“ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ืช.
04:27
So whatโ€™s the solution?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ?
04:29
Well, itโ€™s quite simple... in theory.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜... ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื”.
04:32
In order to develop treatments that work better for everyone,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื,
04:36
we need to involve everyoneโ€™s stories in medical researchโ€”
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” --
04:39
in the early stage research, in the drug development process,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
04:43
and right through the clinical trial.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื.
04:45
The good news is that more and more people are thinking about this.
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:49
For example, cancer researchers at University College London
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื’โ€ฒ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
04:52
researching genetic markers for cancer want to analyze tissue samples
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ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืกืžื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื™ื ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืชื— ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจืงืžื”
04:56
from a wide range of ethnicities so that the biomarkers of cancer they identify
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ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกืžื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื
05:00
will be relevant for people from as many ethnicities as possible.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
05:04
Bottom line: medical science needs to ensure
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ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”: ืžื“ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
05:06
itโ€™s got the best library it can haveโ€”
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ --
05:09
the one with the widest collection of genetic stories possible,
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ื–ื• ืขื ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ,
05:12
so that everyoneโ€™s story can be consideredโ€”
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืœืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ --
05:15
including yours.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœื›ื.
05:17
That is the only way to ensure everyone, everywhere
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
05:20
can get the best medical treatment they possibly can.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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