Humans are all almost exactly the same... almost - Greg Foot

194,860 views ・ 2023-05-09

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Hyeryung Kim κ²€ν† : κ΄€μ›… λ¬Έ
00:07
Medical science has a problemβ€” it’s missing something.
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μ˜ν•™ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ°„κ³Όλ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:10
Something that means that not only is it harder to find
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이 문제 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ–΄λ–€ μ§ˆλ³‘μ€ κ·Έ 원인을 μ•ŒκΈ° νž˜λ“€μ–΄μ Έμ„œ
00:13
the causes of some diseasesβ€”
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00:15
and effective ways to treat themβ€”
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μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ 찾기도 μ–΄λ ΅κ³ 
00:17
some diseases are getting overlooked entirely.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ§ˆλ³‘λ“€μ€ μ•„μ˜ˆ λ†“μΉ˜κ³  λ„˜μ–΄κ°€κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
00:20
It turns out what it’s missing could be youβ€”
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ λ†“μΉ˜κ³  λ„˜μ–΄κ°€λŠ” 게 당신이 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:24
but I’ll get to that in a bit.
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κ·Έ μ–˜κΈ°λŠ” μž μ‹œ ν›„ λ‹€μ‹œ ν•˜μ£ .
00:26
Because first, a story.
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ν•œ 가지, μ—„λ°€νžˆ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄
00:28
Or 8 billion stories, to be precise.
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80μ–΅ κ°€μ§€μ˜ 이야기듀을 λ¨Όμ € λ“€μ—¬λ‹€λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
00:31
See, our DNA is our body's instruction manual, sure.
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ΄λŠ” DNAλŠ” 우리 λͺΈμ˜ μ„€λͺ…μ„œμΈ λ™μ‹œμ—
00:35
But it’s also a history book that records our own, unique genetic story.
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ν•œ ꢌ의 역사책과도 κ°™μ•„μ„œ
각자만의 νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μœ μ „μ  이야기가 담겨 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
All our stories begin around 300,000 years ago
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λͺ¨λ“  μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” μ•½ 30만 λ…„ μ „,
인λ₯˜κ°€ 아프리카에 처음 λ“±μž₯ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
when humans arose in Africa.
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00:45
Some genetic stories tell of leaving a couple of hundred thousand years later,
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μ–΄λ–€ μœ μ „μ  μ—­μ‚¬λŠ” κ·Έ λͺ‡μ‹­λ§Œ λ…„ ν›„λΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•΄
00:49
journeying into Europe, East Asia, or the Americas.
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유럽, λ™μ•„μ‹œμ•„ ν˜Ήμ€ μ•„λ©”λ¦¬μΉ΄λ‘œμ˜ 인λ₯˜ 이동을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³ 
00:52
Some genetic stories speak of expanding empires.
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μ–΄λ–€ μœ μ „μ  μ—­μ‚¬λŠ” 제ꡭ의 ν™•μž₯을 μ„€λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
Others the diseases we evolved to ward off,
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또, 인간이 μ§„ν™”ν•˜μ—¬ 물리치게 된 μ§ˆλ³‘μ΄λ‚˜
01:00
and some the simple act of settling down, raising cattle, and drinking their milk.
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μ •μ°©ν•΄ μ†Œλ₯Ό ν‚€μš°κ³ , 우유λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ‹œλŠ” 것과 같은
λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μƒν™œμƒμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ•Œλ €μ£ΌκΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
01:05
Each of our genetic stories are different,
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인λ₯˜μ˜ μœ μ „μ  μ—­μ‚¬λŠ” 이처럼 λ‹€μ–‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
but maybe not as different as you might expect.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ˜ˆμƒλ³΄λ‹¨ λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
01:10
We share 99.9% of our DNA with each other.
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μΈκ°„μ˜ DNAλŠ” 99.9%κ°€ μ„œλ‘œ μΌμΉ˜ν•˜κ³ 
01:15
Our stories are 99.9% identical,
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κ·Έ μœ μ „μ  역사도 99.9% λ™μΌν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
01:18
but that 0.1% difference is incredibly powerful.
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ 0.1%의 μ°¨μ΄λŠ” λ†€λžλ„λ‘ κ°•λ ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
In that tiny difference between our genetic stories
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κ·Έ λ―Έμ„Έν•œ μœ μ „μ  차이 μ•ˆμ—
01:25
is where we have the potential to develop better treatments for diseasesβ€”
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더 λ‚˜μ€ μ§ˆλ³‘ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²• 개발의 μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ‹¨μ„œκ°€ μˆ¨μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
treatments that work for everyone.
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λˆ„κ΅¬μ—κ²Œλ‚˜ 효과적인 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²• 말이죠.
01:31
But medical science isn’t currently reading all those stories.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜ν•™μ€ 아직 μ „ 인λ₯˜μ˜ 역사λ₯Ό μ½μ–΄λ‚΄μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
To explain let me tell you how researchers work out the causes of diseases,
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μš°μ„ , μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄ μ§ˆλ³‘μ˜ 원인을 μ°Ύκ³  μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜μ—¬
01:41
and develop and test the effectiveness and safety of new treatments.
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κ·Έ νš¨κ³Όμ™€ μ•ˆμ „μ„±μ„ μ‹œν—˜ν•˜κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ μ „λ°˜μ μΈ 과정을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
01:45
To find out the causes of a particular disease,
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νŠΉμ • μ§ˆλ³‘μ˜ 원인을 μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
01:47
researchers find lots of people who have that condition
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ κ·Έ μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ 가진 ν™˜μž λ‹€μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄μ„œ
01:51
and comb through their genetic stories.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μœ μ „μ  배경을 낱낱이 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
They look for little variations they shareβ€”
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œμ„œ κ³΅ν†΅μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 변이,
01:55
little bits of their DNA stories that are spelt differently.
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즉, DNA의 μ„œμ—΄μ΄ λ―Έμ„Έν•˜κ²Œ 달라진 뢀뢄듀을 μ°ΎλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
01:59
If they find some, then they try all sorts of different ways
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변이λ₯Ό 일뢀 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λ©΄, κ·Έ 변이에 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ„ λ§Œν•œ
02:02
of dealing with the effect of them.
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λͺ¨λ“  방법듀을 μ‹œλ„ν•΄λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
And if that uncovers something that looks promising,
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λ§Œμ•½ μœ λ§ν•œ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄λ©΄,
02:06
they then run a clinical trial to see if it actually is.
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μ‹€νš¨μ„±μ„ κ²€μ¦ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μž„μƒ μ‹œν—˜μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
In phase one, a small group of volunteers try the treatment.
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1λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ§€μ›μžλ“€μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ μ‹œλ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
Well, often only half of them do,
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보톡, κ·Έλ“€ 쀑 μ ˆλ°˜μ—κ²Œλ§Œ μ‹œλ„ν•˜κ³ 
02:16
with the other half getting a placebo that does absolutely nothing.
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ μ ˆλ°˜μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 아무 νš¨κ³Όλ„ μ—†λŠ” κ°€μ§œ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ μ μš©ν•˜μ£ .
02:20
If there aren’t any notable side effects at the target dose,
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λͺ©ν‘œ νˆ¬μ—¬λŸ‰μ—μ„œ λˆˆμ— λ„λŠ” λΆ€μž‘μš©μ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄
02:23
the treatment is cleared to move on to the next stage of the clinical trial.
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λ‹€μŒ μž„μƒ μ‹œν—˜ λ‹¨κ³„λ‘œ λ„˜μ–΄κ°ˆ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
Phase two, this time with a bigger group of participants
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2λ‹¨κ³„μ—λŠ”, 이 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ˜ 효과λ₯Ό λ³Ό κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λŒ€λ˜λŠ”
02:30
who all have the condition the researchers hope the drug will treat.
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더 λ§Žμ€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ μ°Έμ—¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
If the drug appears effective, it moves on to phase three,
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λ§Œμ•½ 약물이 효과λ₯Ό 보이면, 3λ‹¨κ³„λ‘œ λ„˜μ–΄κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
with more participants trying it for even longer.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„  더 λ§Žμ€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ 더 였랜 κΈ°κ°„ μ‹œν—˜μ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜μ£ .
02:41
Only after all this is the new treatment then reviewed
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이 λͺ¨λ“  과정을 ν†΅κ³Όν•œ 뒀에야 μƒˆ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ΄ κ²€ν† λ˜κ³ ,
02:45
andβ€” hopefullyβ€” approved for use by us, the general population.
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μŠΉμΈμ„ λ°›μ•„ 일반인인 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 적용될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
But there's a problem with it.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
Here is the ethnicity of lots and lots of people used to recently find
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μ™Όμͺ½μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ§ˆλ³‘μ˜ 원인을 찾을 λ•Œ μ°Έμ—¬ν–ˆλ˜ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜
02:57
the causes of various diseases.
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인쒅 뢄포λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
And here is how that compares to the ethnic diversity
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였λ₯Έμͺ½μ€ 이와 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬
μ‹€μ œ 지ꡬ상에 각 인쒅이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λΆ„ν¬λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 보여주죠.
03:02
of the world’s population.
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03:04
Spot the difference?
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차이가 λ³΄μ΄μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
03:06
The genetic stories that researchers are combing through are heavily biased
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄ μ •λ°€ λΆ„μ„ν•œ μœ μ „μ  배경이
03:10
to those of people from European descent.
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유럽인 μͺ½μ— μ§€λ‚˜μΉ˜κ²Œ νŽΈμ€‘λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
Which means that if you’re searching
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즉, μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ•½μ˜ 효과λ₯Ό μ‹œν—˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
03:14
for those disease-causing bits of DNA to target new drugs against,
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DNAμ—μ„œ μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄을 μ°ΎλŠ” 경우,
03:18
and you're mainly reading the stories of people of European descent,
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주둜 μœ λŸ½μΈμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ •λ³΄λ§Œ λ‚˜μ˜¨λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
you might completely overlook key bits in the stories
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μΈμ’…μ˜ 핡심적 νŠΉμ„±μ€ μ „ν˜€ κ³ λ €λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μ„œ
03:25
of other diverse groups that tell of, say,
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03:27
a changed risk of disease or even shed light on how a disease occursβ€”
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λ‹¬λΌμ§€λŠ” μœ„ν—˜μ„±, λ°œλ³‘ μ›μΈκΉŒμ§€λ„ 놓칠 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 뜻이죠.
03:32
for example, scientists may not have found the mutation
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μ˜ˆμ»¨λŒ€, κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄
유럽인 ν˜ˆν†΅μ˜ ν™˜μžλ“€λ§Œμ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄
03:35
that causes sickle cell disorder
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03:37
if we’d only looked in the stories of people of European descent.
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겸상 적혈ꡬ μ§ˆν™˜μ˜ 원인인 λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό 찾지 λͺ»ν–ˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
And the thing is, what medical science is missing doesn't end there.
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그런데 μ˜ν•™μ΄ λ†“μΉ˜λŠ” 뢀뢄은 μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 끝이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
When new treatments or medical devices are being tested,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ΄λ‚˜ 의료 μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό μ‹œν—˜ν•˜λ €λ©΄
03:48
they need to be tested on everyone that may use them.
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이λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ²Œ 될 λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ‹œν—˜μ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
If the genetic stories involved don’t reflect the breadth of stories
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λ§Œμ•½ μœ μ „μ  λ°°κ²½ μžλ£Œκ°€ μ „ 세계에 λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄
03:55
in our worldwide library then, again, something might be missed.
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λ˜λ‹€μ‹œ μ–΄λ–€ 뢀뢄을 놓칠 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
Take, for example, the medicine Warfarin; used to prevent blood clots.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, ν˜ˆμ „μ„ μ˜ˆλ°©ν•˜λŠ” 약인 μ™€νŒŒλ¦°μ— λŒ€ν•΄
04:03
Researchers have found that, to produce the same effect,
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ 이 약이 λ™μΌν•œ 효과λ₯Ό λ‚΄λ €λ©΄
04:06
most people of East Asian descent need a lower dose
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λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„μΈμ€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„
λͺ‡λͺ‡ μœ λŸ½μΈλ³΄λ‹€ 적은 양을 λ³΅μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 반면,
04:08
than some people of European descent,
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04:11
and most people of African ethnicity need a larger dose.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 아프리카인은 더 λ§Žμ€ 양을 ν•„μš”λ‘œ 함을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμ£ .
04:14
Which means the dose that works best for someone
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즉, 같은 약이라도 인쒅에 따라
04:17
may vary according to their ethnicity.
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적정 λ³΅μš©λŸ‰μ΄ λ‹¬λΌμ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
04:19
It’s this kind of important information that can be missed if clinical trials
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μž„μƒ μ‹œν—˜μ΄ μ—¬λŸ¬ 인쒅을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν­λ„“κ²Œ 이루어지지 μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄
04:23
don’t include people from across a range of ethnicities.
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이런 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό 놓칠 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
So what’s the solution?
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그러면, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
04:29
Well, it’s quite simple... in theory.
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해닡은 κ½€ κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ΄λ‘ μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ”μš”.
04:32
In order to develop treatments that work better for everyone,
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ 효과적인 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜λ €λ©΄
04:36
we need to involve everyone’s stories in medical researchβ€”
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μ˜ν•™ 연ꡬ에 λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œμΌœμ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
in the early stage research, in the drug development process,
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연ꡬ 초기 λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•΄ μ‹ μ•½ 개발 과정을 거쳐
04:43
and right through the clinical trial.
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μž„μƒ μ‹œν—˜μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  κ³Όμ •μ—μš”.
04:45
The good news is that more and more people are thinking about this.
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„, 점점 더 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 이λ₯Ό μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
For example, cancer researchers at University College London
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μœ λ‹ˆλ²„μ‹œν‹° 칼리지 런던의 μ•” μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€
04:52
researching genetic markers for cancer want to analyze tissue samples
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μ•”μ˜ μœ μ „μ  ν‘œμ§€λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ—¬λŸ¬ μΈμ’…μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ–»μ–΄λ‚Έ
04:56
from a wide range of ethnicities so that the biomarkers of cancer they identify
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쑰직 ν‘œλ³Έμ„ ν­λ„“κ²Œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ•” ν‘œμ§€μžλ₯Ό 규λͺ…ν•˜λ € ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
will be relevant for people from as many ethnicities as possible.
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν•œ λ§Žμ€ 인쒅이 κ΄€λ ¨λ˜κ²Œ ν•˜λ €λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
05:04
Bottom line: medical science needs to ensure
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κ²°κ΅­ 핡심은 μ˜ν•™κ³„κ°€
05:06
it’s got the best library it can haveβ€”
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μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ 넓은 λ²”μœ„μ˜ μœ μ „μ  λ°°κ²½ 자료λ₯Ό ν™•λ³΄ν•˜μ—¬
05:09
the one with the widest collection of genetic stories possible,
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05:12
so that everyone’s story can be consideredβ€”
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λͺ¨λ“  μΈμ’…μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ΄ λ°˜μ˜λ˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:15
including yours.
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•΄μ„œμš”.
05:17
That is the only way to ensure everyone, everywhere
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κ·Έλž˜μ•Ό μ „ 세계 λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ””μ„œλ“ 
05:20
can get the best medical treatment they possibly can.
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μ΅œμ„ μ˜ 치료λ₯Ό 받을 수 μžˆμ„ ν…Œλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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