Why do you get a fever when you're sick? - Christian Moro

1,333,603 views ใƒป 2020-11-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
In 1917, doctors proposed an outlandish treatment for syphilis,
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ื‘ 1917, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืขื’ื‘ืช,
00:12
the incurable bacterial infection that had ravaged Europe for centuries.
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ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืขื’ื‘ืช
00:17
Step 1: Infect patients suffering from the later stages of syphilis
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00:22
with the parasite that causes malaria,
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ื‘ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืœืจื™ื”,
00:24
the deadly but curable mosquito-borne disease.
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ืžื—ืœื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉื ื™ืฉืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉ.
00:28
Step 2: Hope that malarial fevers clear the syphilis.
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ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™: ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื™ืจืคื ืืช ื”ืขื’ื‘ืช.
00:33
And step 3: Administer quinine to curb the malaria.
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ื•ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ืœืชืช ื›ื™ื ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”.
00:38
If all went according to plan,
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ืื ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช,
00:40
their patient would be left alive and free of both diseases.
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ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
00:44
This killed some 15% of patients, but for those who survived,
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืขืจืš 15% ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืืœื” ืฉืฉืจื“ื•,
00:49
it seemed to work.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื‘ื“.
00:51
It actually became the standard treatment for syphilis
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืœืขื’ื‘ืช
00:54
until penicillin was widely used decades later.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:57
And its driving force was fever.
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื.
01:01
There are many mysteries around fever,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื•ื,
01:03
but what we do know is that all mammals,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื,
01:06
some birds and even a few invertebrate and plant species feel feverโ€™s heat.
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ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื˜ ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืงื“ื—ืช.
01:12
It has persisted for over 600 million years of evolution.
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 600 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
01:16
But it has a significant cost.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
01:18
For every 1 degree Celsius of temperature increase in the human body,
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:23
thereโ€™s a 12.5 percent increase in energy required,
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ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ 12.5 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช,
01:27
the equivalent of about 20 minutes of jogging for some.
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœ 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:32
So, why and how does your body produce a fever?
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ืื–, ืœืžื” ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื?
01:36
Your core temperature is maintained via thermoregulation,
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื ืฉืžืจืช ื“ืจืš ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”,
01:40
a set of processes that usually keep you around 37 degrees Celsius.
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ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืืชื›ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 37 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
01:46
These mechanisms are controlled by the brainโ€™s hypothalamus,
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ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ื‘ืžื•ื—,
01:49
which detects minute temperature shifts
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ืฉืžื–ื”ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื
01:52
and sends signals throughout the body accordingly.
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ื•ืฉื•ืœื— ืื•ืชื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื”ืชืื.
01:55
If youโ€™re too hot, the hypothalamus produces signals
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ืื ื—ื ืœื›ื ืžื“ื™, ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช
01:58
that activate your sweat glands or make your blood vessels dilate,
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ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื ืื• ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื,
02:03
moving blood closer to the skinโ€™s surfaceโ€”
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ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ --
02:06
all of which releases heat and cools you off.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ื•ื ื•ืžืงืจืจ ืืชื›ื.
02:10
And if youโ€™re too cold,
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ื•ืื ืงืจ ืœื›ื ืžื“ื™,
02:11
your blood vessels will constrict and you may start to shiver,
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ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืจืขื•ื“,
02:15
which generates heat.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื.
02:17
Your body will disrupt its usual temperature equilibrium to induce a fever,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืคืจื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ื,
02:22
which sets in above 38 degrees Celsius.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืขืœ 38 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
02:26
Meanwhile, it has mechanisms in place to prevent it
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข
02:29
from exceeding 41 degrees Celsius, when organ damage could occur.
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ืžืžื ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ 41 ืžืขืœื•ืช, ื›ืฉื ื–ืง ืœืื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
02:34
Immune cells that are fighting an infection can induce a fever
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ืชืื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ื
02:38
by triggering a biochemical cascade that ultimately instructs
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืจื”
02:42
your hypothalamus to increase your baseline temperature.
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ืœื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
02:46
Your body then gets to work to meet its new โ€œset pointโ€ using the mechanisms
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืื– ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื
02:51
it would to generate heat when cold.
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ื ื›ืฉืงืจ.
02:54
Until it reaches this new temperature, youโ€™ll feel comparatively cool,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ืžืคื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงืจื™ืจ,
02:58
which is why you might experience chills.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ื•ื• ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจื•ืช.
03:02
But why does your body do this?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”?
03:04
While the jury's still out on how higher temperatures directly affect pathogens,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื,
03:09
it seems that fever's main effect
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื
03:11
is in rapidly inducing a whole-body immune response.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืขืœื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
03:16
Upon exposure to raised internal temperatures,
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ืขื ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
03:20
some of your cells release heat shock proteins, or HSPs,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืื™ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ื, ืื• HSP,
03:25
a family of molecules produced in response to stressful conditions.
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ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืฅ.
03:30
These proteins aid lymphocytes, one of several kinds of white blood cells
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ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืœื™ืžืคื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื
03:36
that fight pathogens, to travel more rapidly to infection sites.
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ืฉื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”.
03:41
HSPs do this by enhancing the โ€œstickinessโ€ of lymphocytes,
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HSP ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช โ€œื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืชโ€ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžืคื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื,
03:45
enabling them to adhere to and squeeze through blood vessel walls
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ืœื“ืคื ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื
03:50
so they can reach the areas where infection is raging.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืžืฉืชื•ืœืœืช.
03:54
In the case of viral infections,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช,
03:56
HSPs help tell nearby cells to dampen their protein production,
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HSP ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืชืื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:01
which limits their ability to replicate.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ.
ื–ื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืชืžืš
04:04
This stunts the virusโ€™s spread because they depend on
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04:07
their hostโ€™s replicative machinery to reproduce.
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ืขืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืจื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ.
04:10
It also protects surrounding cells from damage since some viruses spread
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื
04:15
by rupturing their host cells, which can lead to large-scale destruction,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ืชืื™ ื”ืžืืจื—, ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืจืก ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
04:20
the build-up of detritus, and potentially even organ damage.
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช, ื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื–ืง ืœืื‘ืจื™ื.
04:24
The ability of HSPs to protect host cells and enhance immune activity
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ HSP ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืื™ ืžืืจื— ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
04:30
can limit the pathogenโ€™s path of destruction inside of the body.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:34
But for all we know about feverโ€™s role in immune activation,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
04:39
some clinical trials have shown that fever suppressor drugs
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ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื
04:43
donโ€™t worsen symptoms or recovery rates.
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ืœื ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืœืžื”.
04:46
This is why thereโ€™s no definitive rule on whether to suppress a fever
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ ืื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื—ื•ื
04:51
or let it ride.
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ืื• ืœืชืช ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžืฉืš.
04:52
Doctors decide on a case-by-case basis.
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•.
04:55
The feverโ€™s duration and intensity, as well as their patientโ€™s immune status,
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ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื•ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœื•, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
05:00
comfort level, and age will all play a role in their choice of treatments.
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ืจืžืช ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
ื•ืื ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื ืœื”ืชืžืฉืš,
05:06
And if they do let a fever ride,
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05:08
theyโ€™ll likely prescribe rest and plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration
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ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืžืœื™ืฆื• ืขืœ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช
05:13
while the body wages its heated battle.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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