How Life Begins in the Deep Ocean

350,576 views ใƒป 2012-05-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yifat Adler ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื
ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื” ืงื™ืคื•ื“ื™ืช: ืกืงืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ืงื•ืŸ
ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื–ืจ.
00:26
I must look rather strange to you,
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00:28
all covered in spines,
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ื›ื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืงื•ืฆื™ื
00:31
without even a face.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ.
00:35
But I've taken many forms during my life.
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ืืš ื”ื—ืœืคืชื™ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™.
00:39
I started out just like you:
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื›ื,
00:42
a tiny egg in a watery world.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื™ื™ืžื™.
ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
00:46
My parents never knew each other.
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00:48
One moonlit night before a storm,
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืžื•ืืจ ื™ืจื—, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืคืจืฆื” ืกืขืจื”,
00:50
thousands of urchins, clams and corals
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ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืคื•ื“ื™ ื™ื, ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื•ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
ืฉื—ืจืจื• ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื–ืจืข ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—.
00:54
released trillions of sperm and eggs into the open sea.
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01:08
My father's sperm somehow met my mother's egg,
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ื”ื–ืจืข ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ืคื’ืฉ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื™,
01:11
and they fused.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•.
01:15
Fertilization.
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ื”ืคืจื™ื™ื”.
01:17
Instantly, I became an embryo the size of a speck of dust.
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ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ืจ ืื‘ืง.
ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื—ืคื•ืช,
01:22
After a few hours of drifting,
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01:24
I cleaved in two,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืงืชื™ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื– ืœืืจื‘ืขื”,
01:26
then four,
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01:27
then eight cells.
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ื•ืื– ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ืชืื™ื. ื•ืื– ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกืงืชื™ ืœืกืคื•ืจ.
01:28
Then so many, I lost count.
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ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื,
01:32
In less than a day,
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01:33
I developed a gut and a skeleton.
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ืคื™ืชื—ืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœื“.
ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืกืคื™ื ืช ื—ืœืœ,
01:37
I became a rocket ship,
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01:39
a pluteus larva.
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ืคื’ื™ืช ืคืœื•ื˜ืื•ืก.
01:42
I floated through the world of plankton,
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ืฆืคืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ,
01:44
searching for tiny algae to eat.
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ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืืฆื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืื›ืœ.
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
01:50
For weeks, I was surrounded by all kinds of organisms,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
01:53
larvae of all sorts.
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ืคื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:57
Most are so different from their adult form
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ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืจืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช
02:00
that biologists have a tough time figuring out who they are.
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ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืชืงืฉื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
02:11
Try matching these youngsters to their parents.
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ื ืกื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื.
02:16
This veliger larvae will turn into a snail;
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ื”ืคื’ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื•ืœื™ื’ืจ
ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืœื–ื•ืŸ.
02:20
this zoea, into a crab;
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ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื•ืื™ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ.
02:23
and this planula, into a clytia jelly.
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ื•ื”ืคืœื ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืชืชืคืชื— ืœืžื“ื•ื–ื”.
02:29
Some of my young companions are easier to picture as grown-ups.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืชื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช.
ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืคืฆืคื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืืคื™ืจื•ืช"
02:35
These baby jellies, known as ephyrae,
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02:37
already resemble their beautiful but deadly parents.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื ืืš ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื.
02:42
Here in the plankton, there's more than one way
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ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ,
ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
02:45
to get your genes into the next generation.
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02:50
Most Medusa jellies make special structures called polyps,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช
ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื
02:54
that simply bud off babies with no need for sex.
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ืฆื™ื ืืช ื“ื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
ื”ืกืœืคื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
03:00
Salps are similar.
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืคืข, ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช.
03:02
When food is abundant,
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03:03
they just clone themselves into long chains.
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03:09
The plankton is full of surprises when it comes to sex.
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ื”ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”.
03:14
Meet the hermaphrodites.
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ืคื’ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื”ืจืžืคืจื•ื“ื™ื˜ื™ื (ื”ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื).
ื”ืžืกืจืงื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืœืขื™ ื”ื—ืฅ ื”ืืœื”
03:18
These comb jellies and arrow worms
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03:20
produce, store and release both sperm and eggs.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื, ืžืื—ืกื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื’ื ืชืื™ ื–ืจืข ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช.
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื
03:25
They can fertilize themselves,
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03:26
or another.
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ืื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
03:32
When you're floating in a vast sea,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืฆืคื™ื ืœื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืจื—ื‘,
03:34
with little control over who you may meet,
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ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืชื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื,
ืžืฉืชืœื ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ.
03:37
it can pay to play both sides of the field.
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ืืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ
03:42
The majority of species here, however, never mate,
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
03:45
nor form any sort of lasting bonds.
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03:49
That was my parents' strategy.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™.
03:53
There were so many of us pluteus larvae,
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื’ื™ื•ืช ืคืœื•ื˜ืื•ืก,
03:56
I just hid in the crowd,
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืกืชืชืจืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื›ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื ื˜ืจืคื•.
03:57
while most of my kin were devoured.
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04:03
Not all parents leave the survival of their offspring to chance.
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืชื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื”.
04:08
Some have far fewer young and take much better care of them,
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ืœื—ืœืงื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื,
ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:12
brooding their precious cargo for days, even months.
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ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ืžื˜ืขื ื ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:17
This speedy copepod
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ื”ืฉื˜ืจื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช
04:19
totes her beautifully packaged eggs for days.
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ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื.
04:23
This Phronima crustacean carries her babies on her chest,
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ื”ืคืจื•ื ื™ืžื” ื”ืกืจื˜ื ืื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื”,
04:27
then carefully places them in a gelatinous barrel.
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ื•ืื– ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ ื’'ืœื˜ื™ื ื™.
04:38
But the black-eyed squid takes the prize.
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ืืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:41
She cradles her eggs in long arms for nine months,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:45
the same time it takes to gestate a human infant.
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ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื ื•ืฉื™.
04:52
Eventually, all youngsters have to make it on their own
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื•ืขืจ ื”ื–ื”.
04:55
in this drifting world.
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05:00
Some will spend their whole lives in the plankton,
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ื—ืœืงื ื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ,
ืืš ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืœืื”.
05:04
but others, like me, move on.
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05:10
A few weeks after I was conceived,
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืืชื™ ืœืขื•ืœื,
05:12
I decided to settle down,
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘
05:15
and metamorphosed into a recognizable urchin.
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ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฆื•ืจื” ืœืฆื•ืจืชื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ืงื™ืคื•ื“ ื™ื.
05:22
So now you know a bit of my story.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™.
05:25
I may just be a slow-moving ball of spines,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื ืข ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
ืืš ืืœ ืชื ื™ื—ื• ืœืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืจื’ื•ืข ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืืชื›ื.
05:29
but don't let my calm adult exterior fool you.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกืคื™ื ืช ื—ืœืœ.
05:35
I was a rocket ship.
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05:37
I was a wild child.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ืคืจื.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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