How Life Begins in the Deep Ocean

350,184 views ・ 2012-05-14

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Alan Watson Reviewer: Leticia Ng
(海洋嘅故事)
(海膽嘅歷程︰同浮游生物交配)
00:26
I must look rather strange to you,
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我對你嚟講應該好奇怪
00:28
all covered in spines,
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我全身都係針
00:31
without even a face.
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仲要我冇面
00:35
But I've taken many forms during my life.
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但我已經經歷過好多種形態
00:39
I started out just like you:
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我就好似你咁,一開始都係一個卵子
00:42
a tiny egg in a watery world.
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00:46
My parents never knew each other.
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我父母從來唔知對方係邊個
00:48
One moonlit night before a storm,
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喺暴風雨前嘅一個月光皎潔嘅晚上
00:50
thousands of urchins, clams and corals
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成千上萬嘅海膽、蛤蜊同珊瑚
喺海裏面釋放出上億嘅精子同卵子
00:54
released trillions of sperm and eggs into the open sea.
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01:08
My father's sperm somehow met my mother's egg,
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我爸爸嘅精子遇到我媽媽嘅卵子
01:11
and they fused.
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然後佢哋結合
01:15
Fertilization.
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就係受精作用
01:17
Instantly, I became an embryo the size of a speck of dust.
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我喺一瞬間成為咗一粒灰塵咁大嘅胚胎
01:22
After a few hours of drifting,
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漂泊幾個鐘之後
01:24
I cleaved in two,
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我分裂成兩個細胞
然後四個細胞
01:26
then four,
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01:27
then eight cells.
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然後再八個細胞
01:28
Then so many, I lost count.
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一直分裂落去,多到數唔曬!
01:32
In less than a day,
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一日之內我生咗腸道同骨架
01:33
I developed a gut and a skeleton.
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我變成咗一個好似飛船物體嘅長腕幼蟲
01:37
I became a rocket ship,
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01:39
a pluteus larva.
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01:42
I floated through the world of plankton,
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我喺浮游生物當中漂浮
01:44
searching for tiny algae to eat.
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搵超細嘅藻類食
01:50
For weeks, I was surrounded by all kinds of organisms,
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有好幾個星期我被各種幼蟲圍著
01:53
larvae of all sorts.
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01:57
Most are so different from their adult form
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呢啲幼蟲同佢哋長大之後嘅形貌好唔同
02:00
that biologists have a tough time figuring out who they are.
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生物學家要花好多時間
先至可以辨別佢哋
02:11
Try matching these youngsters to their parents.
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你嘗試下搵出幼蟲嘅父母係邊個?
02:16
This veliger larvae will turn into a snail;
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呢隻緣膜幼蟲會變成海螺
02:20
this zoea, into a crab;
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呢隻幼蟲會變成海蟹
02:23
and this planula, into a clytia jelly.
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呢個實囊幼蟲會變成水母
02:29
Some of my young companions are easier to picture as grown-ups.
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有啲同我同年紀嘅朋友
比較容易睇得到係成熟
呢啲水母寶寶亦都叫海蜇苗
02:35
These baby jellies, known as ephyrae,
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02:37
already resemble their beautiful but deadly parents.
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已經同佢哋父母一樣咁靚又毒
02:42
Here in the plankton, there's more than one way
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喺浮游生物界
將基因傳到下一代嘅方法唔止一種
02:45
to get your genes into the next generation.
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02:50
Most Medusa jellies make special structures called polyps,
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大多數水母體有特別嘅息肉構造
02:54
that simply bud off babies with no need for sex.
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令佢哋可以經由無性繁殖繁衍下一代
被囊動物亦都差唔多
03:00
Salps are similar.
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當食物充足嘅時候
03:02
When food is abundant,
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03:03
they just clone themselves into long chains.
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佢哋會複製自己成長鏈狀
03:09
The plankton is full of surprises when it comes to sex.
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浮游生物嘅交配令人驚奇
03:14
Meet the hermaphrodites.
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睇下呢啲雌雄同體嘅生物
03:18
These comb jellies and arrow worms
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櫛水母同箭蟲同時
03:20
produce, store and release both sperm and eggs.
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製造、儲存同釋放精同卵子
佢哋可以令自己 或者其他個體嘅卵子受精
03:25
They can fertilize themselves,
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03:26
or another.
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03:32
When you're floating in a vast sea,
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當你喺汪洋裏面漂浮
03:34
with little control over who you may meet,
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唔知會遇到邊個時
雌雄同體可以令你同時做兩個角色
03:37
it can pay to play both sides of the field.
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呢度大多數嘅物種
03:42
The majority of species here, however, never mate,
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唔會建立或者維持長久嘅親子關係
03:45
nor form any sort of lasting bonds.
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03:49
That was my parents' strategy.
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呢個亦都係我父母用嘅策略
03:53
There were so many of us pluteus larvae,
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我哋長腕幼蟲嘅數量龐大
03:56
I just hid in the crowd,
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當其他人被獵食時
03:57
while most of my kin were devoured.
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我就藏身喺一大班人裏面自保
04:03
Not all parents leave the survival of their offspring to chance.
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唔係所有父母由得仔女自生自滅
04:08
Some have far fewer young and take much better care of them,
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有啲物種仔女比較少
但對仔女嘅照顧亦都多咗
04:12
brooding their precious cargo for days, even months.
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佢哋會花幾日,甚至幾個月
孵化佢哋嘅寶貝
04:17
This speedy copepod
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呢種敏捷嘅橈足動物
04:19
totes her beautifully packaged eggs for days.
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將佢美麗嘅卵,藏喺嘴入邊幾日
04:23
This Phronima crustacean carries her babies on her chest,
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呢類甲殼動物將佢嘅寶寶擺喺胸裏邊
04:27
then carefully places them in a gelatinous barrel.
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然後小心咁將佢哋 放喺身體嘅膠狀圓筒入邊
04:38
But the black-eyed squid takes the prize.
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但黑眼魷魚喺呢方面最犀利
04:41
She cradles her eggs in long arms for nine months,
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佢將寶寶呵護喺觸手裏面長達九個月
04:45
the same time it takes to gestate a human infant.
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同人類懷孕周期一樣長
04:52
Eventually, all youngsters have to make it on their own
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但最終呢啲細路都係要
04:55
in this drifting world.
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離開父母,行自己嘅路
05:00
Some will spend their whole lives in the plankton,
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有啲就一世用浮游生物嘅形態生活
有啲就同我一樣身體轉化
05:04
but others, like me, move on.
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05:10
A few weeks after I was conceived,
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當我成為胚胎嘅幾個星期之後
05:12
I decided to settle down,
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我決定轉化為一隻海膽
05:15
and metamorphosed into a recognizable urchin.
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05:22
So now you know a bit of my story.
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我嘅故事就係咁嘞
05:25
I may just be a slow-moving ball of spines,
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我可能只係一個動作慢嘅、有刺嘅波
但唔好俾我冷靜、成熟嘅外表呃咗
05:29
but don't let my calm adult exterior fool you.
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05:35
I was a rocket ship.
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我曾經係游嚟游去嘅太空飛船
05:37
I was a wild child.
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我曾經係個狂野嘅細路

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