The last living members of an extinct species - Jan Stejskal

1,081,577 views ใƒป 2020-08-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
In the savannahs of Kenya, two female northern white rhinos, Nรกjin and Fatu,
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ื‘ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื”, ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื ืื’'ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืื˜ื•,
00:12
munch contentedly on the grass.
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ืžื›ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืฉื‘.
00:15
At the time of this videoโ€™s publication,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
00:18
these are the last two known northern white rhinos left on Earth.
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ืืœื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงืจื ืคื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:23
Their species is functionally extinctโ€”
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ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช --
00:26
without a male, Nรกjin and Fatu canโ€™t reproduce.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื–ื›ืจ, ื ืื’'ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืื˜ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
00:29
And yet, thereโ€™s still hope to revive the northern white rhino.
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
00:34
How can that be?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™?
00:36
The story starts about 50 years ago,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 50 ืฉื ื”,
00:38
when poachers began illegally hunting thousands of rhinos
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ื›ืฉืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฆื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืืœืคื™ ืงืจื ืคื™ื
00:42
across Africa for their horns.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:45
This, combined with civil wars in their territory,
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ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
00:48
decimated northern white rhino populations.
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ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื ืคื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื.
00:51
Concerned conservationists began trying to breed them in captivity in the 1970s,
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ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70,
00:57
collecting and storing semen from males.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื–ืจืข ืžื–ื›ืจื™ื.
01:00
Only four rhinos were ultimately born through the ambitious breeding program.
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ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงืจื ืคื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืจืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื” ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช.
01:05
Nรกjin, and her daughter Fatu were the last two.
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ื ื’'ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืชื” ืคืื˜ื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:09
In 2014, conservationists discovered that neither can have a calf.
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ื‘-2014, ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“.
01:15
Though Nรกjin gave birth to Fatu, she now has weak hindlegs,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื’'ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื™ื˜ื” ืืช ืคืื˜ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื ืจื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื•ืช,
01:19
which could harm her health if she became pregnant again.
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ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื”.
01:23
Fatu, meanwhile, has a degenerated uterine lining.
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ืœืคืื˜ื•, ื”ืชื ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจื—ื.
01:27
Then, the last northern white rhino male of the species, Sudan, died in 2018.
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ืื– ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ - ืกื•ื“ืืŸ, ืžืช ื‘-2018.
01:34
But there was one glimmer of hope: artificial reproduction.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”: ื”ืคืจื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
01:38
With no living males and no females able to carry a pregnancy,
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ืœืœื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืืช ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ,
01:42
this is a complicated and risky process to say the least.
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ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“.
01:46
Though scientists had stored semen, they would have to collect the eggsโ€”
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžืจื• ื–ืจืข, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช --
01:51
a complex procedure that requires a female to be sedated for up to two hours.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ืœื”ืจื“ื™ื ื ืงื‘ื” ืขื“ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื.
01:56
Then, theyโ€™d create a viable embryo in the labโ€”
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” --
02:00
something that had never been done before, and no one knew how to do.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•.
02:05
Even that was just the beginningโ€”
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ืืš ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” --
02:06
a surrogate mother of another rhino species
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ืื ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื™ืช ืžืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจื ืฃ
02:10
would have to carry the embryo to term.
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ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”.
02:13
Females of a closely related species, the southern white rhino,
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ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘, ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™,
02:17
became both the key to developing a rhino embryo in a lab
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืคืชื— ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจื ืฃ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
02:21
and the leading candidates for surrogate mothers.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื™ืช.
02:25
Northern and southern white rhinos diverged about a million of years ago
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ืงืจื ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”
02:29
into separateโ€” though still closely-relatedโ€” species.
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ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื -- ืืš ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:33
They inhabit different regions, and have slightly different physical traits.
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ื”ื ืื™ื›ืœืกื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:38
In a fortunate coincidence, several female southern white rhinos
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืช ืžื–ืœ, ืžืกืคืจ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื ืฃ ืœื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืžื™
02:42
needed treatment for their own reproductive problems,
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ื ื–ืงืงื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ,
02:45
and researchers could collect eggs as part of that treatment.
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ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
02:49
In Dvลฏr Krรกlovรฉ Zoo in October 2015,
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ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืงืจืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015,
02:53
experts of IZW Berlin began collecting eggs from southern white rhinos
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืž-IZW ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืงืจื ืคื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช
02:59
and sending them to Avantea, an animal reproduction laboratory in Italy.
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ื•ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืื‘ื ื˜ืื”, ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”.
03:04
There, scientists developed and perfected a technique to create a viable embryo.
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ืฉื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื•ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืชืงื™ืŸ.
03:11
Once they mastered the technique,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”,
03:13
researchers extracted Nรกjin and Fatuโ€™s eggs on August 22, 2019
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื ื’'ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืื˜ื• ื‘-22 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019
03:19
and flew them to Italy.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”.
03:21
Three days later, they fertilized the eggs with sperm
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ื”ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื ื–ืจืข
03:25
from a northern white rhino male.
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ืžื–ื›ืจ ืงืจื ืฃ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
03:27
After another week, two of the eggs made it to the stage of development
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
03:32
when the embryo can be frozen and preserved for future.
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ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืชื™ื“.
03:36
Another collection in December 2019 produced one more embryo.
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ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื™ืฆืจ ืขื•ื“ ืขื•ื‘ืจ.
03:41
As of early 2020, the plan is to collect Nรกjin and Fatuโ€™s eggs three times a year
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2020, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื’'ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืื˜ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”
03:47
if theyโ€™re healthy enough.
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ืื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง.
03:49
In the meantime, researchers are looking for
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื•ืช ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
03:51
promising southern white rhino surrogate mothersโ€”
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ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื™ื•ืช ืงืจื ืคื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช --
03:55
ideally whoโ€™ve carried a pregnancy to term before.
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ื ืฉืื• ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
03:58
The surrogacy plan is somewhat of a leap of faithโ€”
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช --
04:02
southern and northern white rhinos have interbred
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ืงืจื ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื ื”ื
04:05
both during the last glacial period and more recently in 1977,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื’ื ื‘-1977,
04:10
so researchers are optimistic a southern white rhino
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ืื– ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืงืจื ืคื” ืœื‘ื ื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช
04:13
would be able to carry a northern white rhino to term.
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืจื ืคื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช.
04:17
Also, the two speciesโ€™ pregnancies are the same length.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื–ื”ื”.
04:20
Still, transferring an embryo to a rhino is tricky
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืงืจื ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช
04:24
because of the shape of the cervix.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืจื—ื.
04:27
The ultimate goal, which will take decades,
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ืฉืชื™ืงื— ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
04:29
is to establish a breeding population of northern white rhinos
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื
04:34
in their original range.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
04:36
Studies suggest that we have samples from enough individuals
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืžืกืคื™ืง ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื
04:39
to recreate a population with the genetic diversity the species had a century ago.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืชื• ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”.
04:45
Though the specifics of this effort are unique,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื,
04:47
as more species face critical endangerment or functional extinction,
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืื• ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช,
04:52
itโ€™s also an arena for big questions:
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช:
04:55
do we have a responsibility to try to bring species back from the brink,
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืงืฆื”,
04:59
especially when human actions brought them there in the first place?
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”?
05:03
Are there limits to the effort we should expend
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืžืืžืฅ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข
05:06
on saving animals threatened with extinction?
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ื‘ื”ืฆืœืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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