How X-rays see through your skin - Ge Wang

2,080,455 views ใƒป 2015-06-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
In 1895, a physicist named Wilhelm Roentgen
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ื‘ 1895, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ื•ืœื”ืœื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ
00:11
was doing experiments with a cathode tube,
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ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืงื˜ื•ื“ื™ืช,
00:14
a glass container in which a beam of electrons lights up a fluorescent window.
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ืžื™ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ื• ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื” ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™.
00:20
He had wrapped cardboard around the tube
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ื”ื•ื ืขื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ื‘ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ
00:22
to keep the fluorescent light from escaping,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉืื•ืจ ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ ืœื ื™ื‘ืจื—,
00:24
when something peculiar happened.
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ื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ ืงืจื”.
00:27
Another screen outside the tube was glowing.
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ืžืกืš ืื—ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ื–ื”ืจ.
00:32
In other words, invisible rays had passed through the cardboard.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ.
00:36
Wilhelm had no idea what those rays were, so he called them X-rays,
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ืœื•ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื•, ืื– ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื ืงืจื ื™ X,
00:41
and his discovery eventually won him a Nobel Prize.
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื–ื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ.
00:46
Here's what we now know was happening.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
00:49
When high energy electrons in the cathode tube
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ื›ืฉืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ื“ื™ืช
00:51
hit a metal component,
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ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืชื›ืชื™,
00:54
they either got slowed down and released extra energy,
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ื”ื ืื• ืžืื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช,
00:57
or kicked off electrons from the atoms they hit,
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ืื• ืžื•ืขืคื™ื ืžืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื˜ื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื,
01:01
which triggered a reshuffling that again released energy.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:06
In both cases, the energy was emitted in the form of X-rays,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ X,
01:11
which is a type of electromagnetic radiation
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ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื• ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
01:13
with higher energy than visible light, and lower energy than Gamma rays.
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ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืจ ื ืจืื”, ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื ื™ ื’ืืžื”.
01:19
X-rays are powerful enough to fly through many kinds of matter
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ืงืจื ื™ X ื”ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ
01:23
as if they are semi-transparent,
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื,
01:25
and they're particularly useful for medical applications
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื
01:28
because they can make images of organs, like bones, without harming them,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื”ืŸ,
01:33
although they do have a small chance
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื–ืขื™ืจ
01:35
of causing mutations in reproductive organs,
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ืœื’ืจื™ืžืช ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
01:37
and tissues like the thyroid,
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ื•ืจืงืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก,
01:39
which is why lead aprons are often used to block them.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืกื™ื ืจื™ ืขื•ืคืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื—ืกื™ืžืชืŸ.
01:43
When X-rays interact with matter, they collide with electrons.
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ื›ืฉืงืจื ื™ X ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื”ืŸ ืžืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
01:47
Sometimes, the X-ray transfers all of its energy to the matter and gets absorbed.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืงืจื ื™ ื” X ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื ืกืคื’ื•ืช.
01:52
Other times, it only transfers some of its energy,
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ื‘ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
01:55
and the rest is scattered.
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ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืžืชืคื–ืจ.
01:57
The frequency of these outcomes
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ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:59
depends on how many electrons the X-rays are likely to hit.
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืงืจื ื™ ื”X ืœืคื’ื•ืข.
02:03
Collisions are more likely if a material is dense,
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื,
02:07
or if it's made of elements with higher atomic numbers,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:10
which means more electrons.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
02:12
Bones are dense and full of calcium, which has a relatively high atomic number,
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ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช ื•ืžืœืื•ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
02:17
so they absorb X-rays pretty well.
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ืื– ื”ืŸ ืกื•ืคื’ื•ืช ืงืจื ื™ X ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:19
Soft tissue, on the other hand, isn't as dense,
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ืจืงืžื” ืจื›ื”, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืœื ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
02:23
and contains mostly lower atomic number elements,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:26
like carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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ื›ืžื• ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืžื™ืžืŸ, ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
02:30
So more of the X-rays penetrate tissues like lungs and muscles,
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ืื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื ื™ X ื—ื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืจืงืžื” ื›ืžื• ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
02:35
darkening the film.
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ืžื›ื”ื™ื ืืช ืกืจื˜ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื.
02:37
These 2-D pictures are only useful up to a point, though.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื• ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืขื“ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ืขื ื–ืืช.
02:40
When X-rays travel through the body,
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ื›ืฉืงืจื ื™ X ื ืขื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
02:43
they can interact with many atoms along the path.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš.
02:46
What is recorded on the film reflects the sum of all those interactions.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืงืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:50
It's like trying to print 100 pages of a novel on a single sheet of paper.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก 100 ื“ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ืื—ืช.
02:56
To see what's really going on,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉ,
02:58
you would have to take X-ray views from many angles around the body
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ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฆืœื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื ืขื ืงืจื ื™ X ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
03:02
and use them to construct an internal image.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.
03:06
And that's something doctors do all the time
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืจื•ืคืื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
03:08
in a procedure called a CT, Computed Tomography scan,
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื CT ืื• ืกืจื™ืงืช ื˜ื•ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช,
03:13
another Nobel Prize winning invention.
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ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืฆืื” ื–ื•ื›ืช ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ.
03:16
Think of CT like this.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ CT ื›ืš.
03:18
With just one X-ray,
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ืขื ืจืง ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืื—ื“,
03:20
you might be able to see the density change due to a solid tumor in a patient,
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ืฆืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœื”,
03:25
but you wouldn't know how deep it is beneath the surface.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ืชื“ืขื• ื›ืžื” ืขืžื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
03:28
However, if you take X-rays from multiple angles,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ืชืฆืœืžื• ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืžืžืกืคืจ ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช,
03:31
you should be able to find the tumor's position and shape.
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ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื•.
03:35
A CT scanner works by sending a fan or cone of X-rays through a patient
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ืกื•ืจืง CT ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืžื ื™ืคื” ืื• ืงื•ื ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ X ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
03:41
to an array of detectors.
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ืœืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื’ืœืื™ื.
03:43
The X-ray beam is rotated around the patient,
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ืงืจืŸ ืงืจื ื™ ื” X ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
03:46
and often also moved down the patient's body,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
03:49
with the X-ray source tracing a spiral trajectory.
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ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ ืงืจื ื™ ื” X ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกืคื™ืจืœื™.
03:53
Spiral CT scans produce data that can be processed into cross sections
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ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช CT ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื—ืชื›ื™ื
03:58
detailed enough to spot anatomical features, tumors,
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ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
04:01
blood clots, and infections.
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ืงืจื™ืฉื™ ื“ื, ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื.
04:05
CT scans can even detect heart disease and cavities
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ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช CT ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื
04:08
in mummies buried thousands of years ago.
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ื‘ืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
04:12
So what began as Roentgen's happy accident has become a medical marvel.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืชืื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžื—ืช ืฉืœ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคืœื ืจืคื•ืื™.
04:17
Hospitals and clinics now conduct over 100 millions scans each year worldwide
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ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืจืคืื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
04:23
to treat diseases and save lives.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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