How brain parasites change their host's behavior - Jaap de Roode

4,675,079 views ใƒป 2015-03-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Which of these entities has evolved the ability
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
00:09
to manipulate an animal many times its size?
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื” ืคื™ ื›ืžื”?
00:13
The answer is all of them.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.
00:15
These are all parasites,
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ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื,
00:17
organisms that live on or inside another host organism,
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืžืืจื— ืื—ืจ,
00:21
which they harm and sometimes even kill.
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ื‘ื• ื”ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื.
00:25
Parasite survival depends on transmitting from one host to the next,
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ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืืจื— ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ,
00:30
sometimes through an intermediate species.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ื•ืš.
00:33
Our parasites elegantly achieve this by manipulating their host's behavior,
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ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืืจื— ืฉืœื”ื,
00:38
sometimes through direct brain hijacking.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ืžื•ื— ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.
00:42
For example, this is the Gordian worm.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื–ื• ืชื•ืœืขืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ืืŸ.
00:45
One of its hosts, this cricket.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื”ืฆืจืฆืจ ื”ื–ื”.
00:47
The Gordian worm needs water to mate, but the cricket prefers dry land.
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ืชื•ืœืขืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ืืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืจืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืื“ืžื” ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
00:52
So once it's big enough to reproduce,
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ืื– ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
00:54
the worm produces proteins that garble the cricket's navigational system.
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ื”ืชื•ืœืขืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจืฆืจ.
00:59
The confused cricket jumps around erratically,
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ื”ืฆืจืฆืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ืงื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™,
01:02
moves closer to water,
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ื ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ื,
01:04
and eventually leaps in, often drowning in the process.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื–ื ืง ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
01:08
The worm then wriggles out to mate
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ื”ืชื•ืœืขืช ืžืชืคืชืœืช ืื– ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื›
01:10
and its eggs get eaten by little water insects
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื” ื ืื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจืงื™ ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
01:13
that mature,
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ืฉืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื,
01:14
colonize land,
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ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืื“ืžื”,
01:16
and are, in turn, eaten by new crickets.
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ื•ืฉื ื‘ืชื•ืจื, ื ืื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืจืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:19
And thus, the Gordian worm lives on.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืชื•ืœืขืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ืืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
01:22
And here's the rabies virus, another mind-altering parasite.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื›ืœื‘ืช, ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื—ื™ืช.
01:26
This virus infects mammals, often dogs,
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ื™ืง ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื,
01:28
and travels up the animal's nerves to its brain
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ื•ื ืข ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
01:32
where it causes inflammation that eventually kills the host.
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ืœืงืช ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ืืช ื”ืžืืจื—.
01:36
But before it does, it often increases its host's aggressiveness
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืจื—
01:40
and ramps up the production of rabies-transmitting saliva,
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ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืง ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœื‘ืช,
01:45
while making it hard to swallow.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื™ืขื” ืœืงืฉื”.
01:47
These factors make the host more likely to bite another animal
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ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืืจื— ื™ื ืฉืš ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
01:51
and more likely to pass the virus on when it does.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
01:55
And now, meet Ophiocordyceps, also known as the zombie fungus.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืคื’ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื•ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกืคืก, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™.
02:01
Its host of choice is tropical ants that normally live in treetops.
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ืžืืจื—ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื”ืŸ ื ืžืœื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
02:05
After Ophiocordyceps spores pierce the ant's exoskeleton,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื‘ื’ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื•ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืกืคืก ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืฉืœื“ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœื”,
02:10
they set off convulsions that make the ant fall from the tree.
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจื›ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ืžืœื™ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ืขืฅ.
02:15
The fungus changes the ant's behavior, compelling it to wander mindlessly
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœื”, ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื”
02:20
until it stumbles onto a plant leaf with the perfect fungal breeding conditions,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืชืงืœืช ื‘ืขืœื” ืขื ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื”,
02:24
which it latches onto.
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ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื ืชืคืกืช.
02:26
The ant then dies,
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ื”ื ืžืœื” ืžืชื” ืื–,
02:28
and the fungus parasitizes its body to build a tall, thin stalk from its neck.
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ื•ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื’ื•ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื“ืง ืžืฆื•ื•ืืจื”.
02:34
Within several weeks, the stalk shoots off spores,
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ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ ืžืขื™ืฃ ื ื‘ื’ื™ื,
02:37
which turn more ants into six-legged leaf-seeking zombies.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื ืžืœื™ื ืœื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืฉ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
02:43
One of humanity's most deadly assailants is a behavior-altering parasite,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช,
02:48
though if it's any consolation,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื—ืžื”,
02:50
it's not our brains that are being hijacked.
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ืืœื” ืœื ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื ื—ื˜ืคื™ื.
02:54
I'm talking about Plasmodium, which causes malaria.
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคืœืกืžื•ื“ื™ื•ื ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืœืจื™ื”.
02:57
This parasite needs mosquitoes to shuttle it between hosts,
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ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืืจื—ื™ื,
03:02
so it makes them bite more frequently and for longer.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœืขืงื•ืฅ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:05
There's also evidence that humans infected with malaria
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”
03:09
are more attractive to mosquitoes,
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ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื,
03:11
which will bite them and transfer the parasite further.
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ืฉื™ืขืงืฆื• ืื•ืชื ื•ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ืœืื”.
03:14
This multi-species system is so effective,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจื‘ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
03:17
that there are hundreds of millions of malaria cases every year.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ ืžืœืจื™ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
03:22
And finally, there are cats.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื.
03:24
Don't worry, there probably aren't any cats living in your body
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ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•, ื›ื ืจืื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื›ื
03:28
and controlling your thoughts.
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ื•ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
03:29
I mean, probably.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ื ืจืื”.
03:31
But there is a microorganism called Toxoplasma
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืฉื ืงืจื ื˜ื•ืงืกื•ืคืœื–ืžื”
03:35
that needs both cats and rodents to complete its life cycle.
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ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื•.
03:39
When a rat gets infected by eating cat feces,
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ื›ืฉืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉ ื ื“ื‘ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืฆื•ืืช ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื,
03:43
the parasite changes chemical levels in the rat's brain,
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ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉ,
03:47
making it less cautious around the hungry felines,
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ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืจืขื‘ื™ื,
03:50
maybe even attracted to them.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืžืฉืš ืืœื™ื”ื.
03:52
This makes them easy prey,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœื˜ืจืฃ ืงืœ,
03:54
so these infected rodents get eaten and pass the parasite on.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื ืื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ืœืื”.
03:59
Mind control successful.
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ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”.
04:01
There's even evidence that the parasite affects human behavior.
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ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
04:06
In most cases, we don't completely understand
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
04:08
how these parasites manage their feats of behavior modification.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
04:12
But from what we do know,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
04:14
we can tell that they have a pretty diverse toolbox.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืจื’ื– ื›ืœื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ.
04:17
Gordian worms seem to affect crickets' brains directly.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืชื•ืœืขื™ ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
04:21
The malaria parasite, on the other hand,
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ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
04:23
blocks an enzyme that helps the mosquitoes feed,
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ื—ื•ืกื ืื ื–ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื™ืชื•ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ,
04:26
forcing them to bite over and over and over again.
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ื•ื›ืš ืžื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืงื•ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
04:30
The rabies virus may cause that snarling, slobbering behavior
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื›ืœื‘ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ืช ื•ืžืจื™ื™ืจืช
04:34
by putting the immune system into overdrive.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžืกืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
04:37
But whatever the method,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”,
04:39
when you think about how effectively
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
04:41
these parasites control the behavior of their hosts,
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ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:44
you may wonder how much of human behavior is actually parasites doing the talking.
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ื.
04:51
Since more than half of the species on Earth are parasites,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื,
04:55
it could be more than we think.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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