The sibling rivalry that divided a town - Jay Van Bavel and Dominic Packer

292,945 views ใƒป 2022-11-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
In the years before World War Two,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
00:10
a pair of brothers worked together as shoemakers
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ื–ื•ื’ ืื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืกื ื“ืœืจื™ื
00:13
in the German town of Herzogenaurach.
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ื ื•ืจืืš.
00:16
But during the war, the siblings had a terrible argumentโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืœืื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื ื•ืจืื™ --
00:19
a fight so explosive it split the family business in two.
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ืžืื‘ืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืœืง ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื.
00:25
At first, the feud only infected their newly competing personnel.
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืจืง ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
00:29
But over the coming years,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
00:31
this disagreement divided all of Herzogenaurach.
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ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ืœืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ื ื•ืจืืš.
00:35
Residents became fiercely loyal to one brand of shoe.
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ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื.
00:39
Local businesses chose sides and marriage across lines was discouraged.
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ืขืกืงื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืฆื“ ื•ื”ื ื™ืื• ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื.
00:45
Herzogenaurach eventually became known as โ€œthe town of bent necksโ€
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ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ื ื•ืจืืš ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›โ€œืขื™ืจ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืงืžื™ืโ€
00:50
because its residents looked down to ensure they were interacting
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ืชื™ืงืฉืจื•
00:53
with members of their group.
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ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื.
00:55
But could such a serious divide really be about shoes?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื›ื–ื• ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื?
01:00
Doesnโ€™t it take more significant cultural differences
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ื”ืื ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:03
to produce this degree of conflict?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ื–ื• ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜?
01:05
To answer this question, we can turn to social psychologist Henri Tajfel
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื ืจื™ ื˜ืื’โ€™ืคืœ
01:10
and his collaborators at the University of Bristol.
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ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืœ.
01:14
This team developed the minimal group paradigm,
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช,
01:18
a methodology designed to investigate
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ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
01:20
the minimal conditions required to turn people against each other.
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ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
01:24
Their plan was to gather participants without the usual factors
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
01:28
that lead to hostility,
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช,
01:30
such as religious, ethnic, gender, or other cultural differences.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื™ื, ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:34
Then, they would split into groups,
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ืื–, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช,
01:36
and run them through scenarios that added one variable at a time
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ืื—ื“ ื›ืœ ืคืขื
01:40
to see what stirred up conflict.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜.
01:43
But first, they needed a control conditionโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืก --
01:46
a pair of groups without any group bias.
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ื–ื•ื’ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช.
01:49
The researchers told participants they were being grouped
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื‘ืฆื•
01:52
based on their ability to estimate things correctly or incorrectly;
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง;
01:56
but in reality, the groups were totally random.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:59
Since the researchers ensured none of the participants interacted,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœื ื™ืชืงืฉืจ,
02:03
no one could form any judgments or personal bonds.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืื• ืงืฉืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื.
02:06
Then everyone was given resources to distribute.
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ืื– ืœื›ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื• ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง.
02:10
Each participant was free to give resources to members of either group,
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ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœืชืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช,
02:14
and importantly, everything was anonymous.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™.
02:17
So whatever a participant decided,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•,
02:20
it had no impact on how many resources they personally would receive.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
02:25
With all the ingredients for discrimination removed
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืืคืœื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืกืจื•
02:28
and no reason for competition over resources,
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
02:31
the scientists assumed this would make a conflict-free baseline
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜
02:35
for further research.
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ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
02:37
But even in these groups,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
02:39
where membership was only defined by a perceived similarity
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกืชื™
02:43
in possessing an arbitrary skill,
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ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื,
02:45
individuals still showed in-group bias.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืื• ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช.
02:50
They consistently gave more to members of their own group than the out-group.
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ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
02:55
Later, research went even further,
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื• ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:57
informing participants that the only thing determining their group membership
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ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
03:02
was a coin flip.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
03:03
But group bias still occurred.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”.
03:06
The minimal groups of โ€œusโ€ and โ€œthemโ€ were enough.
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ โ€œืื ื—ื ื•โ€ ื•โ€œื”ืโ€ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื”.
03:11
So, in the absence of stereotypes, resource conflicts and status differences,
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ืื–, ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ืกื˜ืจืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื, ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืžืขืžื“,
03:16
what was left?
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ืžื” ื ืฉืืจ?
03:18
What could possibly account for people showing clear preferences
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ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื”ืขื“ืคื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
03:22
for the most temporary and meaningless of groups?
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช?
03:26
The answer that came to Tajfel and his colleagues was social identity.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื˜ืื’โ€™ืคืœ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
03:31
People regularly use group membership to help determine their sense of identity.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:36
And these minimal group experiments suggested that simply being categorized
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ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื˜ืœื’
03:41
as part of a group is enough to link that group to a personโ€™s sense of self.
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.
03:47
Then, in an effort to create a meaningful identity,
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ืื–, ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช,
03:50
participants allocated more resources to their in-group than the out-groupโ€”
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ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” --
03:55
pursuing their group's interests despite no clear benefit to themselves
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ื•ื”ืœื›ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœืขืฆืžื
04:00
as individuals.
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ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื.
04:02
Variants of these experiments have been conducted around the globe,
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ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืขืจื›ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
04:06
examining how a shared sense of โ€œusโ€ can affect our attention,
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ื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ืื™ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ โ€œืื ื—ื ื•โ€ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•,
04:10
perception, memory, and emotions.
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ืชืคื™ืกื”, ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
04:15
The mental processes behind minimal group distinctions
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช
04:18
appear to be the same as many of those that underlie real group identities.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื”ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
04:23
So it is possible that these seemingly insignificant differences can harden
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ืื– ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืœื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืฉื•ืช
04:27
into much more serious divides.
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ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื.
04:31
That said, minimal groups don't always drive people apart.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื•ืช ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืคืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:35
Bringing individuals together in a new group
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ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
04:37
can temporarily help people overcome entrenched biases.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื•ืช.
04:42
However, these positive effects are easily negated by external factors
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
04:47
that reinforce existing group identities.
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ืฉืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
04:50
Ultimately, the psychology of groups is part of the human condition,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
04:54
and our tendency towards in-group bias is an undeniable part of that.
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ื•ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืืœื™ื•.
04:58
So it's up to all of us to make our groups and ourselves
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ืื– ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืื•ืชื ื•
05:02
as inclusive of others as possible.
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ืœืžื›ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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