The sibling rivalry that divided a town - Jay Van Bavel and Dominic Packer

282,055 views ・ 2022-11-17

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Sungyeon Na κ²€ν† : κ΄€μ›… λ¬Έ
00:07
In the years before World War Two,
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2μ°¨ 세계 λŒ€μ „μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° 수 λ…„ μ „,
00:10
a pair of brothers worked together as shoemakers
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두 ν˜•μ œκ°€ ν•¨κ»˜ ꡬ두μž₯이둜 μΌν•˜λ˜
00:13
in the German town of Herzogenaurach.
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λ…μΌμ˜ ν—€λ₯΄μ΄ˆκ²μ•„μš°λΌνλΌλŠ” λ„μ‹œκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
But during the war, the siblings had a terrible argumentβ€”
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ „μŸ 쀑에 λ‘˜μ€ 크게 μ‹Έμ› κ³ 
00:19
a fight so explosive it split the family business in two.
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이 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν•¨κ»˜ ν•΄μ™”λ˜ 사업은 λ‘˜λ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ μ§€κ³  λ§μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
At first, the feud only infected their newly competing personnel.
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μ²˜μŒμ—”, λ‘˜μ˜ λΆˆν™”λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄μ˜¨ μ§μ›λ“€μ—κ²Œλ§Œ 영ν–₯을 μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
But over the coming years,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄μ„œ,
00:31
this disagreement divided all of Herzogenaurach.
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ν˜•μ œμ˜ λ‹€νˆΌμ΄ λ„μ‹œ 전체λ₯Ό 반으둜 κ°ˆλΌλ†“κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
Residents became fiercely loyal to one brand of shoe.
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주민듀은 각자 ν•œ μͺ½ κ°€κ²Œμ˜ κ΅¬λ‘λ§Œ κ³ μ§‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
Local businesses chose sides and marriage across lines was discouraged.
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κ°€κ²Œλ“€λ„ μ„œλ‘œ νŽΈμ„ 갈랐고
λ°˜λŒ€νŽΈκ³Όμ˜ κ²°ν˜Όμ€ μ’‹κ²Œ 보여지지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
Herzogenaurach eventually became known as β€œthe town of bent necks”
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이윽고, ν—€λ₯΄μ΄ˆκ²μ•„μš°λΌνλŠ”
β€œκ³ κ°œλ₯Ό μˆ˜κ·Έλ¦¬λŠ” λ§ˆμ„β€œλ‘œ 유λͺ…ν•΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
because its residents looked down to ensure they were interacting
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주민듀이 μžμ‹ κ³Ό 같은 편의 μ‚¬λžŒκ³Όλ§Œ ꡐλ₯˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
00:53
with members of their group.
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μ•„λž˜λ§Œ λ‚΄λ €λ‹€λ΄€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
But could such a serious divide really be about shoes?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ κ°ˆλ“±μ΄ 정말 ꡬ두 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
01:00
Doesn’t it take more significant cultural differences
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μ’€ 더 ν™•μ‹€ν•œ 문화적 차이가 μžˆμ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ
01:03
to produce this degree of conflict?
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이 μ •λ„μ˜ κ°ˆλ“±μ΄ 생기지 μ•Šμ•˜μ„κΉŒμš”?
01:05
To answer this question, we can turn to social psychologist Henri Tajfel
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이 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ 닡을 μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒ μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μž 헨리 νƒ€μ¦ˆνŽ κ³Ό
01:10
and his collaborators at the University of Bristol.
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λΈŒλ¦¬μŠ€ν†¨ λŒ€ν•™μ— μžˆλŠ” 그의 λ™λ£Œλ“€μ„ 찾아가봐야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
This team developed the minimal group paradigm,
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그듀은 β€œμ΅œμ†Œ 집단 μ–‘μ‹β€œμ„ κ°œλ°œν–ˆλŠ”λ°
01:18
a methodology designed to investigate
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μ΄λŠ” 인간이 μƒλŒ€λ°©κ³Ό λŒ€λ¦½ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” μ΅œμ†Œ 쑰건을 μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ°©λ²•λ‘ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
the minimal conditions required to turn people against each other.
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01:24
Their plan was to gather participants without the usual factors
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νŒ€μ˜ κ³„νšμ€ λΆ„μŸμ˜ 원인이 λ λ§Œν•œ μš”μ†Œκ°€ μ—†λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λͺ¨μœΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
01:28
that lead to hostility,
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01:30
such as religious, ethnic, gender, or other cultural differences.
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쒅ꡐ, λ―Όμ‘±, μ„±λ³„μ΄λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 문화적 차이같은 κ²ƒλ“€μ΄μš”.
01:34
Then, they would split into groups,
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그리고 이듀을 μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄
01:36
and run them through scenarios that added one variable at a time
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λ³€μˆ˜κ°€ ν•˜λ‚˜μ”© μΆ”κ°€λ˜λŠ” 상황을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
to see what stirred up conflict.
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μ–΄λ–€ 것이 κ°ˆλ“±μ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”μ§€ 보기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ£ .
01:43
But first, they needed a control conditionβ€”
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¨Όμ €, 그듀은 ν†΅μ œ 쑰건 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ ν•„μš”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
a pair of groups without any group bias.
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집단적 편견이 μ „ν˜€ μ—†λŠ” ν•œ 쌍의 κ·Έλ£Ήμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
01:49
The researchers told participants they were being grouped
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두 그룹은 μžμ‹ μ΄ 사물에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ‚΄λ¦° νŒλ‹¨μ΄ λ§žμ•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— 따라
01:52
based on their ability to estimate things correctly or incorrectly;
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 그룹에 λ°°μ •λ°›μ•˜λ‹€λŠ” μ„€λͺ…을 λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
but in reality, the groups were totally random.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 사싀, 두 그룹은 μ™„μ „νžˆ λ¬΄μž‘μœ„λ‘œ λ½‘ν˜”μ£ .
01:59
Since the researchers ensured none of the participants interacted,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ„œλ‘œ μ „ν˜€ μ†Œν†΅ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
02:03
no one could form any judgments or personal bonds.
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μΉœν•΄μ§€κ±°λ‚˜ μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό νŒλ‹¨ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
02:06
Then everyone was given resources to distribute.
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κ·Έλ‹€μŒ, λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” 각자 λΆ„λ°°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μžμ›μ„ μ§€κΈ‰λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
Each participant was free to give resources to members of either group,
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각 μ°Έκ°€μžλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έμ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ›ν•˜λŠ”λŒ€λ‘œ μžμ›μ„ 쀄 수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
02:14
and importantly, everything was anonymous.
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ 건, μ „λΆ€ 읡λͺ…μœΌλ‘œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
So whatever a participant decided,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ°Έκ°€μžκ°€ μ–΄λ–€ 결정을 내리든
02:20
it had no impact on how many resources they personally would receive.
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μžμ‹ μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ°›μ„μ§€λŠ” 달라지지 μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .
02:25
With all the ingredients for discrimination removed
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차별을 μΌμœΌν‚¬λ§Œν•œ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄ 사라지고
02:28
and no reason for competition over resources,
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μžμ›μ„ 놓고 κ²½μŸν•  μ΄μœ λ„ μ—†μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
02:31
the scientists assumed this would make a conflict-free baseline
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이것이 μ΄ν›„μ˜ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ
λΆ„μŸμ—†λŠ” 기쀀점이라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
for further research.
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02:37
But even in these groups,
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ 이 집단 μ•ˆμ—μ„œμ‘°μ°¨,
02:39
where membership was only defined by a perceived similarity
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μ–΄λ–€ ν•œ λŠ₯λ ₯이 μ„œλ‘œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 이유만으둜 그룹을 κ°ˆλžμŒμ—λ„
02:43
in possessing an arbitrary skill,
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02:45
individuals still showed in-group bias.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ†Œμ† 집단에 편ν–₯된 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
They consistently gave more to members of their own group than the out-group.
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그듀은 본인이 μ†Œμ†λœ 집단에 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ 더 λ§Žμ€ μžμ›μ„ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
Later, research went even further,
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ—, μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν•œ 술 더 λ– μ„œ
02:57
informing participants that the only thing determining their group membership
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μ°Έκ°€μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ†Œμ† 집단 κ²°μ • 방법이
였직 동전 λ˜μ§€κΈ°μ˜€λ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ—ˆμ£ .
03:02
was a coin flip.
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03:03
But group bias still occurred.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 내집단 편ν–₯은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ 사라지지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
The minimal groups of β€œus” and β€œthem” were enough.
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κ·Έμ € β€œμš°λ¦¬β€ 와 β€œκ·Έλ“€β€λ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„λ§Œ λœλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄κΉ€μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
03:11
So, in the absence of stereotypes, resource conflicts and status differences,
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κ³ μ • 관념이 사라지고, μžμ› κ²½μŸλ„, κ³„κΈ‰μ˜ 차이도 μ—†λ‹€λ©΄
03:16
what was left?
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무엇이 λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:18
What could possibly account for people showing clear preferences
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μž„μ‹œμ μ΄κ³  λ¬΄μ˜λ―Έν•œ 집단에쑰차 ν™•μ‹€ν•œ μ„ ν˜Έλ„λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” 이듀을
03:22
for the most temporary and meaningless of groups?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:26
The answer that came to Tajfel and his colleagues was social identity.
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νƒ€μ¦ˆνŽ κ³Ό 그의 λ™λ£Œλ“€μ΄ λ‚Έ λŒ€λ‹΅μ€
μ‚¬νšŒμ  μ •μ²΄μ„±μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
People regularly use group membership to help determine their sense of identity.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 보톡 집단을 톡해 μžμ‹ μ˜ 정체성을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚˜κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
And these minimal group experiments suggested that simply being categorized
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그리고 이런 μ΅œμ†Œ 집단 μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ€ μ–΄λ–€ 그룹에 μ†Œμ†λ˜μ–΄ 있기만 해도
03:41
as part of a group is enough to link that group to a person’s sense of self.
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μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ κ·Έλ£Ήκ³Ό 개인의 μžμ˜μ‹μ„ μ—°κ²°μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€λŠ” 것을 보여쀬죠.
03:47
Then, in an effort to create a meaningful identity,
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ, 의미 μžˆλŠ” 정체성을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ…Έλ ₯으둜써
03:50
participants allocated more resources to their in-group than the out-groupβ€”
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μ°Έκ°€μžλ“€μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 그룹보닀 μžμ‹ μ˜ 그룹에 λ§Žμ€ μžμ›μ„ λΆ„λ°°ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
03:55
pursuing their group's interests despite no clear benefit to themselves
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μ†Œμ† μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ 이읡을 μΆ”κ΅¬ν•œ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μžμ‹ μ—κ² λšœλ ·ν•œ 이읡이 μ—†μ—ˆμŒμ—λ„ 말이죠.
04:00
as individuals.
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04:02
Variants of these experiments have been conducted around the globe,
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이런 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ€ μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
04:06
examining how a shared sense of β€œus” can affect our attention,
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β€œμš°λ¦¬β€ λ‘œμ„œ κ³΅μœ λ˜λŠ” 감정이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 관심, 인식, κΈ°μ–΅,
04:10
perception, memory, and emotions.
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그리고 감정에 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•¨μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
The mental processes behind minimal group distinctions
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μ΅œμ†Œ 집단이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 정신적인 과정은
04:18
appear to be the same as many of those that underlie real group identities.
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μ‹€μ œ μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ 정체성을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λ§Žμ€ κ³Όμ •κ³Ό μœ μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
So it is possible that these seemingly insignificant differences can harden
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, μž‘κ³  μ‚¬μ†Œν•΄ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 차이듀이
04:27
into much more serious divides.
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μ‹¬κ°ν•œ λŒ€λ¦½μœΌλ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
That said, minimal groups don't always drive people apart.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ, μ΅œμ†Œ 집단이 항상 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ κ°ˆλΌλ†“μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
Bringing individuals together in a new group
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κ°œκ°œμΈμ„ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 집단에 ν•¨κ»˜ λͺ¨μ•„두면
04:37
can temporarily help people overcome entrenched biases.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ κ²¬κ³ ν•œ 고정관념을 μΌμ‹œμ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λΌμ§€κ²Œ ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 긍정적 νš¨κ³Όλ“€μ€ μ‰½κ²Œ 사라지곀 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
However, these positive effects are easily negated by external factors
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μ™ΈλΆ€ μš”μΈλ“€μ΄ 기쑴의 집단 정체성을 κ°•ν™”ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
04:47
that reinforce existing group identities.
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04:50
Ultimately, the psychology of groups is part of the human condition,
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결ꡭ에, 집단 μ‹¬λ¦¬λŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ 쑰건 쀑 일뢀이며
04:54
and our tendency towards in-group bias is an undeniable part of that.
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자기 집단을 νŽΈμ• ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” νƒœλ„λŠ” λΆ€μ •ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
So it's up to all of us to make our groups and ourselves
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 건 우리의 집단에
05:02
as inclusive of others as possible.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ 많이 ν¬ν•¨μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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