The one thing stopping jellyfish from taking over - Mariela Pajuelo & Javier Antonio Quinones

1,026,050 views

2023-08-29 ใƒป TED-Ed


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The one thing stopping jellyfish from taking over - Mariela Pajuelo & Javier Antonio Quinones

1,026,050 views ใƒป 2023-08-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Avishay Gerczuk
00:07
Over the past two decades, jellyfish have begun to overwhelm our oceans.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:12
In New Zealand, divers swat off millions of stinging jellyfish
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ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ืขื•ืงืฆื ื™ื•ืช
00:17
each no larger than a grain of pepper.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืื™ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ืจื’ืจ ืคืœืคืœ.
00:21
In Sweden, a massive cluster of moon jellyfish
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ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื™ืจื—
00:25
shut down one of the worldโ€™s largest nuclear reactors
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ืกื’ืจ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:28
by clogging the plantโ€™s essential pipes.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืชื™ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ.
00:32
And in the Sea of Japan, thousands of 200 kilogram Nomuraโ€™s jellyfish
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ, ืืœืคื™ ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 200 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื
00:37
with bells two meters in diameter swarm fishermen,
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ืขื ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืžื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื,
00:41
snapping nets and devouring local fish.
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ืฉืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื•ื–ื•ืœืœื™ื ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
00:45
Around the world, these animals voraciously consume fish eggs and larvae,
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฆื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœื”ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื–ื—ืœื™ื,
00:50
routinely undermine marine farming efforts,
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ื•ืžืขืจืขืจื•ืช ืชื“ื™ืจ ืžืืžืฆื™ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช,
00:53
and outcompete adult fish by consuming the resources they need to survive.
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ื•ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
00:58
If things stay on their current trajectory,
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ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
01:01
we could be headed for a future where the entire ocean is thick with jellyfish.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื›ื•ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกืžื™ืš ืžืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช.
01:07
So, is there anything that can keep these gelatinous creatures under control?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื’โ€™ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”?
01:12
Enter, the humble sea turtle.
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ื ื›ื ืก, ืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื ื•ืข.
01:15
There are a wide range of marine animals that feed on jellyfish,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช,
01:19
but sea turtles are among their most ancient predators.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื ื ืžื ื™ื ืขื ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:22
And while every known species of sea turtle preys on jellyfish
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช
01:26
at some point in their lives,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
01:28
none consume quite as many as the leatherback.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ืฆื‘ ื™ื ื’ืœื“ื™
01:31
Leatherbacks are the largest species of sea turtle,
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ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื ื’ืœื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื,
01:34
and they eat jellyfish almost exclusively,
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช,
01:38
devouring well over 1,000 metric tons of them over their roughly 50-year lifespans.
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ื–ื•ืœืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1,000 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›-50 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
01:45
This is particularly remarkable because jellyfish are 95% water
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžึพ95% ืžื™ื
01:49
and very low in calories,
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ื•ื“ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:51
so to maintain a healthy weight,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ,
01:53
the average 500 kilogram leatherback
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ืฆื‘ ื™ื ื’ืœื“ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 500 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื
01:56
needs to eat roughly 400 kilograms of jellyfish every day.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 400 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
02:01
Thatโ€™s roughly the same weight as a grand piano.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื ืชืจ ื›ื ืฃ.
02:04
And while some sea turtle species have been documented
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื ืชื•ืขื“ื•
02:07
selectively eating their preysโ€™ protein-rich gonads,
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ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ
02:11
leatherbacks eat jellyfish wholeโ€”
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ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื ื’ืœื“ื™ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชืŸ-
02:14
mowing down huge swaths of unsuspecting jellies.
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โ€œืžื›ืกื—ื™ืโ€ ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช.
02:19
Normally, jellyfish aren't quite this defenseless.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืžื“ื•ื–ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื”.
02:22
Most species have tentacles covered in cells called cnidocytes,
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืงื ื™ื“ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื,
02:27
which contain venomous harpoons coiled and ready to launch.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืฆืœืฆืœื™ื ืืจืกื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ืชืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ.
02:31
These barbed structures, known as nematocysts,
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžื˜ื•ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ื,
02:35
are released on contact.
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ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข.
02:37
Jellyfish frequently use this sting to paralyze and kill their food,
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ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืงืฅ ื”ื–ื” ืœืฉืชืง ื•ืœื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื”ื,
02:41
and it can also irritate the skin of would-be intruders.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื’ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“.
02:46
But it's completely useless against sea turtles.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื.
02:50
Most of these reptiles have thick scales covered in keratinโ€”
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืงืจื˜ื™ืŸ-
02:54
the same material that makes up nails and claws.
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ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื.
02:58
This leathery armor protects their skin while they hunt,
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ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื“ื ื™ ื–ื” ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฆื“ื™ื,
03:01
and any captured prey that tries to escape is impaled
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ื•ื›ืœ ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉื ืชืคืก ื›ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืฉืชืคื“
03:05
on the keratinized spikes lining the leatherbackโ€™s esophagus.
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ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ืฉื˜ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืœื“ื™
03:10
For most sea turtles, these adaptations make individual jellyfish easy prey.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืœื˜ืจืฃ ืงืœ.
03:15
However, a jelly populationโ€™s true defense mechanism
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช
03:19
is in how quickly they can reproduce.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
03:21
Almost all jellyfish species have evolved to reproduce both sexually and asexually,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืึพืžื™ื ื™ืช,
03:27
allowing them to increase their numbers with or without a partner.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจืŸ ืขื ืื• ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’.
03:31
In tropical environments,
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช,
03:32
jellyfish reproduce constantly throughout the year.
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ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื”.
03:35
But in more temperate climates,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:37
species often reproduce all at once in a massive bloom,
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”,
03:41
where jellies multiply at alarming rates.
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ืฉืฉื ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื“ืื™ื’.
03:45
And humanity is making these blooms much more frequent.
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ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:49
Fertilizer runoff from farms introduces chemicals
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ื ึถื’ึถืจ ื“ืฉืŸ ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ืžื›ื ื™ืก ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
03:53
that simultaneously kill other fish and prompt blooms.
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ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืคืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:58
High water temperatures caused by climate change
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื
04:01
speed up jellyfish reproduction and extend the reproductive season.
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ืžืื™ืฆื•ืช ืืช ืจื‘ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื•ืžืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”.
04:05
Meanwhile, both marine construction and pollution
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื’ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื
04:09
dramatically increase the surface area for jellyfish polyps
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ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช
04:13
to attach, grow, and mature.
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ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“, ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื’ืจ.
04:15
All these issues require a wide range of policy-based solutions.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจืš ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช
04:20
But one major way to prevent jellyfish populations from getting out of hand
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04:25
is to protect their natural predatorsโ€”
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ืœืฆืืช ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
04:27
many of whom are currently under threat.
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ืขืช ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื.
04:30
Small-scale fisheries that are essential to communities in Mexico and Peru
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ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื•ืคืจื•
ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื–ื™ืžื™ื,
04:34
often use gillnets,
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04:36
which unintentionally capture and kill hundreds of sea turtles each year.
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ืฉืœื•ื›ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ืช ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
04:41
In the Eastern Pacific, these practices could drive leatherbacks to extinction
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืœื“ื™
04:46
in the next 60 years.
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ื‘ึพ60 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
04:48
Fortunately, some researchers have already developed inexpensive tools
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื›ืœื™ื ืœื ื™ืงืจื™ื
04:53
to minimize these risks.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื•.
04:55
Attaching green LED lights to gillnets has proven useful
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ื”ืฆืžื“ืช ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื“ ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ืœืจืฉืชื•ืช ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช
04:59
for allowing sea turtles, dolphins, and even seabirds to avoid fishing gear.
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ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื, ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฆื™ื•ื“ ื“ื™ื’.
05:04
Solutions like this should allow small-scale fishers
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ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ
05:07
to support their communities
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ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
05:09
while minimizing their impact on our leathery ocean defenders.
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ืชื•ืš ืžื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืœื“ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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