How you survive the coldest place on Earth - Nadia Frontier

197,989 views ใƒป 2023-10-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
The vast, white ice surface of Antarctica
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ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื•ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”
00:10
stretches for over 3 million square kilometers:
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ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงืžโ€œืจ:
00:12
empty, desolate, and almost completely silent.
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ืจื™ืง, ืฉื•ืžื ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืงื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
00:16
But appearances can be deceiving.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช.
00:18
On the coast of this expanse,
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ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
00:20
just a few meters beneath the ice lies a multicolored constellation of life.
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ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจื— ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืœืฆื™ื” ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:24
This remarkably diverse realm is home to over 8,000 species of sea denizens
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ืชื—ื•ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž -8,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ ื™ื
00:29
who rely on an arsenal of otherworldly traits to survive.
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ื”ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืืจืกื ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
00:34
So how do these species not only live, but thrive,
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ืจืง ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื,
00:36
in conditions most animals would be unable to bear?
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืืช?
00:40
Antarctic waters are some of the most consistently frigid in the world,
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:44
hovering below 0 degrees Celsius for a large portion of the year.
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ื•ืžืจื—ืคื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœ -0 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืฉื ื”.
00:48
This means burning energy too quickly can be deadly,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืฉืจื™ืคืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช,
00:51
so survival in this ecosystem looks slow and steady.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”.
00:55
Freezing temperatures persist even in the summer,
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืงืคื•ืื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ,
00:58
but this season brings a rare gift: sunlight.
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ืืš ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืžืชื ื” ื ื“ื™ืจื”: ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ.
01:01
For a brief period, itโ€™s abundant,
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ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืคืข,
01:03
shining through the ice for 24 hours a day.
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ื–ื•ืจื— ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ืžืฉืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”.
01:06
This infusion of energy drives intense coastal phytoplankton blooms,
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ืขื™ืจื•ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžื ื™ืข ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ,
01:11
transforming the waters into a thick green soup.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืœืžืจืง ื™ืจื•ืง ืกืžื™ืš.
01:14
Marine life both large and small takes advantage of this bounty,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ื–ื”,
01:18
including the giant Antarctic isopod.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืคื•ื“ ื”ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:21
Cousins of the humble pill bug,
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ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื“ืจื•ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื ื•ืข,
01:23
these crustaceans can reach up to 11 centimeters long,
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ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืขื“ 11 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
01:26
and they never miss the opportunity for a meal.
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ื•ื”ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืืจื•ื—ื”.
01:29
The scavengers eat a wide variety of prey, including other giant isopods.
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ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืฃ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืคื•ื“ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:34
And by slowing their metabolisms, they can make this food last,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื˜ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“,
01:37
with one study showing specimens surviving for 50 days without eating.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืจืื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 50 ื™ื•ื ืœืœื ืื›ื™ืœื”.
01:42
Since this adaptation involves careful conservation of energy,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
01:45
giant isopods spend most of their time stationary or inching across the seafloor.
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ืื™ื–ื•ืคื•ื“ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื ื ื™ื™ื—ื™ื ืื• ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
01:51
Meanwhile, their tiny amphipod relatives celebrate the summer
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ืืžืคื™ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ
01:55
by releasing offspring alongside the algal explosion,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช,
01:58
ensuring their young have an abundance of food.
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ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:01
And sea cucumbers carpeting the seafloor hoover up the dense plankton
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ื•ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืคื™ื ืืช ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ืฃ
02:05
with outstretched tentacles,
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ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื˜ื•ืช,
02:07
producing nutrient-rich feces that nourish nearby life.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืฆื•ืื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื.
02:10
But this big summer blowout doesnโ€™t last long.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
02:13
The first signs of autumn arrive in fine needles of frazil ice.
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ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ืคืจื–ื™ืœ.
02:17
These slowly coagulating crystals form a skin across the surface,
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ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืžืชืงืจืฉื™ื ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
02:22
then mix with falling snow before freezing into a thin crust of ice.
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ื•ืื– ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืฉืœื’ ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืคืื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื“ืง ืฉืœ ืงืจื—.
02:26
The waters get darker and colder.
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ื”ืžื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื›ื”ื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:28
And in this swiftly dimming world,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืขืžืขื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:30
a set of long, spiky limbs sidle into view.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื’ืคื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืฆื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ.
02:33
With up to six pairs of legs, these giant sea spiders arenโ€™t arachnids,
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ืขื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ื ื ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื ื™ื,
02:37
but rather a related class of marine arthropod unique to the seafloor.
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ืืœื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
02:42
In addition to housing some of the animalโ€™s organs,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื›ืกื•ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื”,
02:44
its legs are covered in tiny holes,
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ืจื’ืœื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
02:47
which grow more numerous as the spider ages.
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ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื–ื“ืงืŸ.
02:49
These holes will likely help absorb the dissolved oxygen
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ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ืžื•ืžืก
02:52
that saturates these freezing southern waters.
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ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
02:55
Since oxygen fuels growth,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืชื“ืœืง ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”,
02:56
many local species have evolved to take advantage of this abundance,
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ื–ื”,
03:00
and it may be one of the reasons that gigantism is so common in this region.
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ื•ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”.
03:05
Individual sea spiders, for instance, can grow to the size of dinner plates.
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ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘.
03:09
But soon, these underwater giants will be moving slower than ever.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื”ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื ื•ืขื• ืœืื˜ ืžืชืžื™ื“.
03:13
As winter settles in, the sea floor becomes even colder.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘, ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืงืจื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:17
Waters fall to negative 1.8 degrees Celsius.
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ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื•ืก 1.8 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
03:21
On the surface, the thin icy crust thickens into a layer called nilas,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื”ืงืจื•ื ื”ืงืคื•ื ื”ื“ืง ืžืชืขื‘ื” ืœืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื ื™ืœืืก,
03:26
and young sea ice starts forming ridges that block out the sun.
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ื•ืงืจื— ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื›ืกื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:29
The ocean begins to mirror the still landscape above it.
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ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื•ืžื ืฉืžืขืœื™ื•.
03:33
Antarctic sea cucumbers and urchins go into dormancy for months,
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ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืงื™ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชืจื“ืžื” ืœืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
03:37
and their metabolic rates fall to the slowest on Earth.
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ื•ืงืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:40
Antarctic limpets continue feeding,
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ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืœื™ืžืคื˜ืก ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ,
03:43
but at such a gradual pace that they're largely still surviving
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ืืš ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื›ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ
03:46
on energy reserves from the summer.
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ืขืœ ืžืื’ืจื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืงื™ืฅ.
03:48
Tiny crustaceans survive off the traces of algae
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ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช
03:51
growing on their homeโ€™s icy ceiling,
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ื”ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืจื” ื”ืงืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชื,
03:53
raising their young in these expansive winter nurseries.
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ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืชืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
03:56
But this seemingly endless winter won't last forever.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื ื™ื™ืžืฉืš ืœื ืฆื—.
04:00
As spring comes, light slowly begins to trickle back down through the ice.
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ืขื ื‘ื•ื ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืœื˜ืคื˜ืฃ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื˜ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืจื—.
04:04
And week by week, bit by bit,
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ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื˜ื™ืคื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื™ืŸ,
04:06
this underwater world will begin waking up
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ
04:08
to begin its delicate, slow-motion dance once again.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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